Agastache
Estrada–Reyes, Rosa et al. Comparative chemical composition of Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana and A. mexicana subsp. xolocotziana. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32 (2004) 685–694.
Hernandez–Abreu, Oswaldo et al. Antihypertensive and vasorelaxant effects of tilianin isolated from Agastache mexicana are mediated by NO/cGMP pathway and potassium channel opening. Biochemical Pharmacology 78 (2009) 54–61.
Hong, Jung–Joo et al. Inhibition of cytokine–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule–1 expression; possible mechanism for anti–atherogenic effect of Agastache rugosa. FEBS Letters 495 (2001) 142–147.
Lawrence, B.M. et al. Gill. Terpenoid composition of some Canadian Labiatae. Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 2638–2639.
Vogelmann, James E. Flavonoids of Agastache section Agastache. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 12, 4 (1984) 363–366.
Agrimony
Copland, A. et al. Antibacterial and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of the Seeds of Agrimonia Eupatoria. Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 133–135.
Venskutonis, P.R., M. Škėmaitė, and B. Sivik. Assessment of Radical Scavenging Capacity of Agrimonia Extracts Isolated by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. J. of Supercritical Fluids 45 (2008) 231–237.
Venskutonis, P.R., M. Škėmaitė, and O. Ragažinskienė. Radical Scavenging Capacity of Agrimonia Eupatoria and Agrimonia Procera. Fitoterapia 78 (2007) 166–168.
Alumroot
Wilkins, Cornelius. Galloyl glucose derivatives from Heuchera cylindrica. Phytochemistry 27, 7 (1988) 2317–2318.
Angelica
Doneanu, Catalin and Gheorghe Anitescu. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Angelica archangelica L. root oil. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 12 (1998) 59–67.
Kanaya, K. et al. Effect of food supplement F containing ferulic acid and angelica archangelica on behavioral disorder of dementia. Dementia and neurological disorders − Dementia xx (xxxx) 552.
Kumar, Dinesh et al. Coumarins from Angelica archangelica Linn. and their effects on anxiety–like behavior. Progress in Neuro–Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 40 (2013) 180–186.
Lee, Mee–Young et al. Anti–asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin–induced airway inflammation via up–regulation of heme oxygenase–1. Food and Chemical Toxicology 49 (2011) 829–837.
Lim, Hun Jai et al. Inhibition of air way inflammation by the roots of Angelica decursiva and its constituent, columbianadin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155 (2014) 1353–1361.
Senol, Fatma Sezer et al. An in vitro and in silico approach to cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant effects of the methanol extract, furanocoumarin fraction, and major coumarins of Angelica officinalis L. fruits. Phytochemistry Letters 4 (2011) 462–467.
Seoa, Woo Duck et al. Identification and characterisation of coumarins from the roots of Angelica dahurica and their inhibitory effects against cholinesterase. Journal of Functional Foods 5 (2013) 1421–1431.
Sigurdsson, Steinthor and Sigmundur Gudbjarnason. Effect of oral imperatorin on memory in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 441 (2013) 318–320.
Wang, Junzhi et al. The anti–ulcer activities of bisabolangelone from Angelica polymorpha. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 343–346.
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Arnica
Gertsch, Jurg et al. Influence of Helenanolide–Type Sesquiterpene Lactones on Gene Transcription Profiles in Jurkat T Cells and Human Peripheral Blood Cells Anti–Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects. Biochemical Pharmacology 66 (2003) 2141–2153.
Kennedy, J.F et al. White. Analysis of the Oligosaccharides from the Roots of Arnica Montana L., Artemisia Absinthium L., and Artemisia Dracunculus L. Carbohydrate Polymers 9 (1988) 277–285.
Koo, H., B.P.F.A. et al. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis and Arnica Montana Against Oral Pathogens. Archives of Oral Biology 45 (2000) 141–148.
Merfort, I. and D. Wendisch. Sesquiterpene Lactones of Arnica Cordifolia, Subgenus Austromotana. Phytochemistry 34, 5 (1993) 1436–1437.
Puhlmann, J., M.H. Zenk, and H. Wagner. Immunologically Active Polysaccharides of Arnica Montana Cell Cultures. Phytochemistry 30, 4 (1991) 1141–1145.
Wagner, Steffen and I. Merfort. Skin Penetration Behavior of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Different Arnica Preparations Using a Validated GC–MSD Method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43 (2007) 32–38.
Asparagus
Adams, Michael et al. Medicinal herbs for the treatment of rheumatic disorders—A survey of European herbals from the 16th and 17th century. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121 (2009) 343–359.
Sakaguchi, Yumi et al. Major anthocyanins from purple asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). Phytochemistry 69 (2008) 1763–1766.
Shiomi, Norio. Two novel hexasaccharides from the roots of Asparagus officinalis. Phytochemistry, 20, 11 (1981) 2581–2583.
Sun, Zhouxuan, Xuefeng Huang, and Lingyi Kong. A new steroidal saponin from the dried stems of Asparagus officinalis L. Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 210–213.
Aspen
Pearl, Irwin A. and Stephen F. Darling. Hot Water Phenolic Extractives of the Bark and Leaves of Diploid Populus Tremuloides. Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 483–484.
Avens
Granica, Sebastian et al. Effects of Geum urbanum L. root extracts and its constituents on polymorphonuclear leucocytes functions. Significance in periodontal diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 188 (2016) 1–12.
Yoshida, Takashi et al. Gemins D, E, and F, ellagitannins from Geum japonicum. Phytochemistry, 24, 5 (1985) 1041–1046.
Balsam Popular
Mattes, Benjamin R. et al. Volatile constituents of Balsam poplar: The phenol glycoside connection. Phytochemistry 26, 5 (1987) 1361–1366.
Pearl, Irwin A. and Stephen F. Darling. Investigation of the hot water extracts of Populus balsamifera bark. Phytochemistry 8 (1969) 2393–2396.
Pearl, Irwin A. and Stephen F. Darling. Studies on the barks of the family Salicaceae–XVII. Trichoside, a new glucoside from the bark of Populus trichocarpa. Phytochemistry 7 (1968) 825–829.
Simard, François et al. Balsacones D–I, dihydrocinnamoyl flavans from Populus balsamifera buds. Phytochemistry 100 (2014) 141–149.
Balsamroot
Bohlmann, Ferdinand et al. Guaianolides, heliangolides, diterpenes, and cycloartenol derivative from Balsamorhiza sagittaria. Phytochemistry 24, 9 (1985) 2029–2036.
Mullin, W.J. et al. Macronutrients content of Yellow Glacier Lily and Balsamroot; root vegetables used by indigenous peoples of northwestern North America. Food Research International 30, 10 (1997) 769–775.
Barberry
Ivanovska, N. and S. Philipov. Study on the Anti–Inflammatory Action of Berberis Vulgaris Root Extract, Alkaloid Fractions and Pure Alkaloids. International Journal Of Immunopharmacology 18, 10 (1996) 553–561.
Janbaz, K.H. and A.H. Gilani. Studies on Preventive and Curative Effects of Berberine on Chemical–Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rodents. Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 25–33.
Ji, Xiuhong et al. Determination of the Alkaloid Content in Different Parts of some Mahonia Plants by HPCE. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 74 (2000) 387–391.
Kostalova, D., A. Kardosova, and V. Hajnicka. Effect of Mahonia Aquifolium Stem Bark Crude Extract and One of its Polysaccharide Components on Production of IL–8. Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 802–806.
Maung–U, Khin and Nwe–Nwe–Wai. Effect of Berberine on Enterotoxin–Induced Intestinal Fluid Accumulation in Rats. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 10, 4 (1992) 201–204.
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Shamsa, F., A. Ahmadiani, and R. Khosrokhavar. Antihistaminic and Anticholinergic Activity of Barberry Fruit (Berberis Vulgaris) in the Guinea–Pig Ileum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64 (1999) 161–166
Sohni, Y.R., P. Kaimal, and R.M. Bhatt. The Antiamoebic Effect of a Crude Drug Formulation of Herbal Extracts Against Entamoeba Histolytica In Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45, 1 (1995) 43–52.
Sohni, Youvraj R. and Ranjan M. Bhatt. Activity of a Crude Extract Formulation in Experimental Hepatic Amoebiasis and in Immunomodulation Studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54 (1996) 119–124.
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Stermitz, Frank R. et al. Staphylococcus Aureus MDR Efflux Pump Inhibitors from a Berberis and a Mahonia (Sensu Strictu) Species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29 (2001) 793–798.
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Bilberry
Canter, Peter H. and Edzard Ernst. Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry) for Night Vision—A Systematic Review of Placebo–Controlled Trials. Survey of Ophthalmology 49, 1 (2004) 38–50.
Seeram, N. P. et al. Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Cyanidin Glycosides in Cherries and Berries. Phytomedicine 8, 5 (2001) 362–369.
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Birch
Mshvildadze, Vakhtang et al. Anticancer diarylheptanoid glycosides from the inner bark of Betula papyrifera. Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 2531–2536.
O’Connell, Margaret M. et al. Betulin and lupeol in bark from four white–barked Birches. Phytochemistry 27, 7 (1988) 2175–2176.
Seshardi, T.R. et al. Chemical examination of the barks and heartwoods of Betula species of American origin. Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 897–898.
Williams, David E. et al. Triterpene constituents of the Dwarf birch, Betula glandulosa. Phytochemistry 31, 7 (1992) 2321–2324.
Bitterbrush
Dreyer, David L. et al. Cucurbitacins in Purshia tridentata. Phytochemistry 17 (1978) 325–326.
Nakanishi, Tsutomu et al. Structures of New and Known Cyanoglucosides from a North American Plant, Purshia tridentata DC. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42, 11 (1994) 2251–2255.
Bogbean
Janeczko, Zbigniew et al. A triterpenoid glycoside from Menyanthes trifoliata. Phytochemistry 29, 12 (1990) 3885–3887.
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Buckthorn
Kremer, D. Anthraquinone profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Frangula rupestris (Scop.) Schur and Frangula alnus Mill. bark. Food Chemistry 131 (2012) 1174–1180.
Lacornbe, Norman R. and Herber W. Youngken. Studies on the Anatomy of Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh and Rhamnus Frangula L. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 32 (1943) 193–202.
Leistner, E. A second pathway leading to anthraquinones in higher plants. Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 3015–3020.
Bugleweed
Beer, A.–M. et al. Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort) effects on the thyroidal parameters and symptoms associated with thyroid function. Phytomedicine 15 (2008) 16–22.
Román, Gustavo C. Autism Transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 262 (2007) 15–26.
Vonhoff, Christian et al. Extract of Lycopus europaeus L. reduces cardiac signs of hyperthyroidism in rats. Life Sciences 78 (2006) 1063 – 1070.
Xie, Junbo et al. Rapid identification and determination of 11 polyphenols in Herba lycopi by HPLC–MS/MS with multiple reactions monitoring mode (MRM). Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 24 (2011) 1069–1072.
Chicory
Ahmed, Bahar et al. Antihepatotoxic activity of seeds of Cichorium intybus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 87 (2003) 237–240.
Gadgoli, Chhaya and S.H. Mishra Antihepatotoxic activity of Cichorium intybus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 58 (1997) 131–134.
Gilani, A.H. and K.H. Janbaz. Evaluation of the liver protective potential of Cichorium intybus seed extract on Acetaminophen and CCl4–induced damage. Phytomedicine 1 (1994) 193–197.
Petrovic, J. et al. Antibacterial activity of Cichorium intybus. Fitoterapia 75 (2004) 737– 739.
Nørbæk, Rikke et al. Anthocyanins from flowers of Cichorium intybus. Phytochemistry 60 (2002) 357–359.
Rehman, Ali et al. Antibacterial and antifungal study of Cichorium intybus. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4, 2 (2014) 943–945.
Suntar, Ipek et al. Comparative evaluation of traditional prescriptions from Cichorium intybus L. for wound healing Step wise isolation of an active component by invivo bioassay and its mode of activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 299–309.
Zafar, Rasheeduz and S. Mujahid Ali. Anti–hepatotoxic effects of root and root callus extracts of Cichorium intybus L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 63 (1998) 227–231.
Cleavers
Atmaca, Harika et al. Effects of Galium aparine extract on the cell viability, cell cycle and cell death in breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 186 (2016) 305–310.
Bolivar, Paulina et al. Antimicrobial, anti–inflammatory, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic activities of Galium mexicanum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 141– 147.
Cottonwood
English, S, W. et al. Analysis of Phenolics in the Bud Exudates of Populus Deltoides, P. Fremontii, P. Sargentii and P. Wislizenii by GC–MS. Phytochemistry 31, 4 (1992) 1255–1260.
Greenaway, W. and F.R. Whatley. Analysis of phenolics of bud exudate of Populus angustifolia by GC–MS. Phytochemistry 29, 8 (1990) 2551–2554.
Tiitto, Julkunen Riitta. A Chemotaxonomic Survey of Phenolic in Leaves of Northern Salicaceae Species. Phytochemistry 25, 3 (1986) 663–667.
Cow Parsnip
Adams, Michael et al. Epilepsy in the Renaissance A survey of remedies from 16th and 17th century German herbals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143 (2012) 1–13.
Hajhashem, Valiollah et al.. Anti–inflammatory and analgesic properties of Heracleum persicum essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract in animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124 (2009) 475–480.
O’Neill, Taryn et al. The Canadian medicinal plant Heracleum maximum contains antimycobacterial diynes and furanocoumarins. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 147 (2013) 232–237.
Sayyah, Mohammad et al. Anticonvulsant activity of Heracleum persicum seed. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98 (2005) 209–211.
Steck, Wareen. Leaf furanocoumarins of Heracleum lanatum. Phytochemistry 9 (1970) 1145–1146.
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Dandelion
Grases, F. et al. Urolithiasis and Phytotherapy. International Urology and Nephrology 26, 5 (1994) 507–511.
Kisiel, W. and B. Barszcz. Further Sesquiterpenoids and Phenolics from Taraxacum Officinale. Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 269–273.
Rauwald, Hans–Willi and Jai–Tung Huang. Taraxacoside, A Type of Acylated Gamma–Butyrolactone Glycoside from Taraxacum officinale. Photochemistry 24, 7 (1985) 1557–1559.
Williams, Christine A., Fiona Goldstone, and Jenny Greenham. Flavonoids, Cinnamic Acids, and Coumarins from the Different Tissues and Medicinal Preparations of Taraxacum Officinale. Phytochemistry 42, 1 (1996) 121–127.
Dock
Fairbairn, J. W. and F.J. El–Muhtadi. Chemotaxonomy of Anthraquinones in Rumex. Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 263–268.
Saleh, Nabiel A.M. et al. Flavonoids and Anthraquinones of some Egyptian Rumex Species (Polygonaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21, 2 (1993) 301–303.
Vasas, Andrea et al. The Genus Rumex: Review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 175 (2015) 198–228.
Dogbane
Duprey, A.J.B. A case of mitral incompetency and ascites treated with Apocynum cannabinum. The Lancet (1905) 955.
Kim, Dong–Wook et al. Effects of aqueous extracts of Apocynum venetum leaves on spontaneously hypertensive, renal hypertensive and NaCl–fed–hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72 (2000) 53–59.
Wright, C.I. et al. Herbal medicines as diuretics A review of the scientific evidence. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 114 (2007) 1–31.
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Elder
Ahmadiani, A. et al. Antinociceptive and Anti–inflammatory Effects of Sambucus Ebulus Rhizome Extract in Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1998) 229–235.
Bergner, Paul. Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra, Canadensis). Medical Herbalism 8, 4 (1996–1997).
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Caceres, Armando et al. Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Dermatophytic Infections. 1. Screening for Antimycotic Activity of 44 Plant Extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 31 (1991) 263–276.
Caceres, Armando et al. Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1. Screening of 84 Plants Against Enterobacteria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 30 (1990) 55–73.
Hernández, Nancy E. et al. Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants from Tafí del Valle (Tucumán, Argentina). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 317–322.
Losey, Robert J. et al. Exploring the Use of Red Elderberry (Sambucus Racemosa) Fruit on the Southern Northwest Coast of North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (2003) 695–707.
McCutcheon, A.R. et al. Towers. Antiviral Screening of British Columbian Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49 (1995) 101–110.
Evening Primrose
Howard, Geraldine and T.J. Mabry. Distribution of flavonoids in twenty one species of Oenothera. Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 289–291.
Zinsmeister, H.D. and W. Biering. Flavonoids–glycosides in Oenothera hookeri. Phytochemistry 12 (1973) 234.
False Solomon’s Seal
Yang, Shun–Li et al. Steroidal saponins and cytoxicity of the wild edible vegetable—Smilacina atropurpurea. Steroids 74 (2009) 7–12.
Field Mint
Oinonen, Päivi P. et al. Linarin, a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Mentha arvensis. Fitoterapia 77 (2006) 429–434.
Rao, B.R. Rajeswara. Biomass and essential oil yields of cornmint (Mentha arvensis L. f. piperascens Malinvaud ex Holmes) planted in different months in semi–arid tropical climate. Industrial Crops and Products 10 (1999) 107–113.
Tiwari, Pragya. Recent advances and challenges in trichome research and essential oil biosynthesis in Mentha arvensis L. Industrial Crops and Products 82 (2016) 141–148.
Fir
Keeling, Christopher I. and Jorg Bohlmann. Diterpene resin acids in conifers. Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 2415–2423.
Manville, John F. and Alan S. Tracy. Chemical differences between alpine Firs of British Columbia. Phytochemistry 28, 10 (1989) 2681–2986.
Tumena, Ibrahim et al. Wound repair and anti–inflammatory potential of essential oils from cones of Pinaceae Preclinical experimental research in animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 1215– 1220.
Wagner, Michael R. et al. Maturational variation in needle essentil oils from Pseudotsuga Menzieii, Abies concolor and Picea engelmannii. Phytochemistry 28, 3 (1989) 765–770.
Zavarin, Eugene. Chemotaxonomy of the genus Abies II. Within tree variation of the terpenes in cortical oleoresin. Phytochemistry 7 (1968) 92–107.
Zavarin, Eugene and Karel Snajberk. Chemotaxonomy of the genus Abies I. Survey of the terpenes present in the Abies balsams. Phytochemistry 4 (1965) 141–148.
Zavarin, Eugene and Karel Snajberk. Geographical variability of monoterpenes from Abies balsamea and A. Fraseri. Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 1407–1421.
Fireweed
Granica, Sebastian et al. Phytochemistry, pharmacology and traditional uses of different Epilobium species (Onagraceae): A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 156 (2014) 316–346.
Hiermann, A. et al. Influence of Epilobium extracts on prostaglandin biosynthesis and carrageenin induced of the raw paw. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 17 (1986) 161–169.
Maruska, Audrius et al. Flavonoids of willow herb (Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub) and their radical scavenging activity during vegetation. Advances in Medical Sciences 59 (2014) 136–141.
Vitali, Federica et al. Inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion by extracts of Epilobium spp. in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107 (2006) 342–348.
Fragrant Sumac
Homer, K.A., F. Manji, and D. Beighton. Inhibition of Protease Activities of Periodontopathic Bacteria by Extracts of Plants Used in Kenya as Chewing Sticks (Mswaki). Archives of Oral Biology 35, 6 (1990) 421–424.
Saxena, G., A.R. McCutcheon, S. Farmer, G.H.N. Towers, and R.E.W. Hancock. Antimicrobial Constituents of Rhus Glabra. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 42 (1994) 95–99.
Wu, Tao et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activities and chemical characterisation of staghorn sumac fruit (Rhus hirta L.). Food Chemistry 138 (2013) 1333–1340.
Zalacain, A., M. Prodanov, M. Carmona, and G.L. Alonso. Optimization of Extraction and Identification of Gallotannins from Sumac Leaves. Biosystems Engineering 84, 2 (2003) 211–216.
Gentian
Aktay, Goknur et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on experimental liver injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000) 121–129.
Hostettmann–Kaldas, Maryse et al. Xanthones, flavones and secoiridoids of American Gentiana species. Phytochemistry 20 (1981) 443–446.
Jia, Na et al. Iridoid glycosides from the flowers of Gentiana macrophylla Pall. ameliorate collagen–induced arthritis in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 189 (2016) 1–9.
McMullen, Michael K. et al. Bitter tastants alter gastric–phase postprandial haemodynamics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 154 (2014) 719–727.
Ozturk, N. et al. Choleretic Activity of Gentiana lutea ssp. symphyandra in rats. Phytomedicine 5, 4 (1998) 283–288.
Suh, Hyo–Weon et al. A bitter herbal medicine Gentiana scabra root extract stimulates glucagon–like peptide–1 secretion and regulates blood glucose in db/db mouse. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 172 (2015) 219–226.
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Geranium
Amabeoku, G.J. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Geranium incanum Burm. f. (Geraniaceae) leaf aqueous extract in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (2009) 190–193.
Calzada, Fernando et al. In vitro antiprotozoal activity from the roots of Geranium mexicanum and its constituents on Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 98 (2005) 191–193.
Shim, Jae–Uoong et al. Anti–inflammatory activity of ethanol extract from Geranium sibiricum Linne. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 126 (2009) 90–95.
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Zhang, Xi–Quan et al. Anti–Helicobacter pylori compounds from the ethano lextracts of Geranium wilfordii. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 147 (2013) 204–207.
Goldenrod
Starks, Courtney M. et al. Antibacterial clerodane diterpenes from Goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea). Phytochemistry 71 (2010) 104–109.
Tamura, Eduardo Koji et al. Inhibitory effects of Solidago chilensis Meyen hydroalcoholic extract on acute inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122 (2009) 478–485.
Tori, Motoo et al. Nine new clerodane diterpenoids from rhizomes of Solidago altissima. Phytochemistry 52 (1999) 487–493.
Green Gentian
Cao, Tuan–Wu et al. Chemical constituents of Swertia yunnanensis and their anti–hepatitis B virus activity. Fitoterapia 89 (2013) 175–182.
Dreyer, David L. and James H. Bourell. Xanthones from Frasera albomarginata and F. speciosa. Phytochemistry 20, (1981) 493–495.
Reen, R.K. et al. Screening of various Swertia species extracts in primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes against carbon tetrachloride– and paracetamol–induced toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75 (2001) 239–247.
Zheng, Xi–Yuan et al. Two xanthones from Swertia punicea with hepatoprotective activities in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 153 (2014) 854–863.
Grindelia
Ferreres, Federico et al. HPLC–DAD–ESI/MSn analysis of phenolic compounds for quality control of Grindelia robusta Nutt. and bioactivities. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 94 (2014) 163–172.
Fraternale, Daniele et al. Essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of aerial parts of Grindelia robusta from Central Italy. Fitoterapia 78 (2007) 443–445.
Krenn, Liselotte et al. Contribution of methylated exudate flavonoids to the anti–inflammatory activity of Grindelia robusta. Fitoterapia 80 (2009) 267–269.
Timmermann, Bardara N. et al. Grindelane diterpenoids from Grindela squarrosa and G. camporum. Phytochemistry 24, 5 (1985) 1031–1034.
Hawthorn
Degenring, F. H. et al. A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial of a Standardised Extract of Fresh Crataegus Berries (Crataegisan®) in the Treatment of Patients with Congestive Heart Failure NYHA II. Phytomedicine 10 (2003) 363–369.
Ozcan, Musa, Haydar Hacıseferogulları, Tamer Marakoglu, and Derya Arslan. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruit Some Physical and Chemical Properties. Journal of Food Engineering 69 (2005) 409–413.
Svedstrom, Ulla et al. Into Laakso, Raimo Hiltunen. Isolation and Identification of Oligomeric Procyanidins from Crataegus Leaves and Flowers. Phytochemistry 60 (2002) 821–825.
Veveris, Maris et al. Crataegus Special Extract WSR 1442 Improves Cardiac Function and Reduces Infarct Size in a Rat Model of Prolonged Coronary Ischemia and Reperfusion. Life Sciences 74 (2004) 1945–1955.
Zick, Suzanna M. et al. The Effect of Crataegus Oxycantha Special Extract WS 1442 on Clinical Progression in Patients with Mild to Moderate Symptoms of Heart Failure. European Journal of Heart Failure 10 (2008) 587–593.
Hedeoma
Conway, George A. and John C. Slocumb. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1 (1979) 241–261.
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Firmage, David H. and Robert Irving. Effect of development on monoterpene composition of Hedeoma drummondii. Phytochemistry 18 (1979) 1827–1829.
Henbane
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Hops
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Delmulle, L. et al. Anti–Proliferative Properties of Prenylated Flavonoids from Hops (Humulus Lupulus L.) in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Phytomedicine 13 (2006) 732–734.
Gerhauser, Clarissa. Beer Constituents as Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Agents. European Journal of Cancer 41 (2005) 1941–1954.
Heyerick, Arne et al. A First Prospective, Randomized, Double–Blind, Placebo–Controlled Study on the Use of a Standardized Hop Extract to Alleviate Menopausal Discomforts. Maturitas 54 (2006) 164–175.
Monteiro, Rosario et al. Modulation of Breast Cancer Cell Survival by Aromatase Inhibiting Hop (Humulus Lupulus L.) Flavonoids. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 105 (2007) 124–130.
Overk, Cassia R. et al. In Vivo Estrogenic Comparisons of Trifolium Pratense (Red Clover) Humulus Lupulus (Hops), and the Pure Compounds Isoxanthohumol and 8–Prenylnaringenin. Chemico–Biological Interactions 176, 1 (2008) 30–39.
Schiller, H. et al. Sedating Effects of Humulus Lupulus L. Extracts. Phytomedicine 13 (2006) 535–541.
Viesti, Vittoria Di et al. Ethnopharmacological communication Increased sexual motivation in female rats treated with Humulus lupulus L. extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (2011) 514–517.
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Zanoli, Paola and Manuela Zavatti. Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Profile of Humulus Lupulus L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116 (2008) 383–396.
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Hoptree
Dreyer, David L. Citrus and bitter principles–V. Botanical distribution and chemotaxonomy in the Rutaceae. Phytochemistry 66, 5 (1966) 367–378.
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Gray, Alexander R. Coumarins in the Rutaceae. Phytochemistry 17 (1978) 845–864.
Horsetail
Amarowicz, R. et al. Free–Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Plant Species from the Canadian Prairies. Food Chemistry 84 (2004) 551–562.
Grases, F. et al. Urolithiasis and Phytotherapy. International Urology and Nephrology 26, 5 (1994) 507–11.
Gurbuz, Iÿlhan. et al. In Vivo Gastroprotective Effects of Five Turkish Folk Remedies Against Ethanol–Induced Lesions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (2002) 241–244.
Harrison, C.C. Evidence for Intramineral Macromolecules Containing Protein from Plant Silicas. Phytochemistry 41, 1 (1996) 37–42.
Veit, Markus et al. Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation of Phenolics in the Genus Equisetum Subgenus Equisetum. Phytochemistry 38, 4 (1995) 881–891.
Hound’s Tongue
Cordell, Geoffrey A. Fifty years of alkaloid biosynthesis in Phytochemistry. Phytochemistry 91 (2013) 29–51.
Reinbothe, H. and K. Mothes. Ureide biosynthesis in higher plants. Tetrahedron Letters 25 (1960) 32–36.
Van Dam, Nicole M. et al. Distribution, biosynthesis and turnover of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Cynoglossum officinale. Phytochemistry 39 (1995) 287–292.
Juniper
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Adams, Robert P., Ernst Von Rudloff, and Lawrence Hogge. Chemosystematic Studies of the Western North American Junipers Based on their Volatile Oils. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11, 3 (1983) 189–193.
Adams, Robert P., Thomas A. Zanoni, and Lawrence Hogge. Analyses of the Volatile Leaf Oils of Juniperus Deppeana and its Infraspecific Taxa Chemosystematic Implications. Biochemical Systemics and Ecoclogy 12, 1 (1984) 23–27.
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San Feliciano, A. et al. Antineoplastic and Antiviral Activities of some Cyclolignans. Planta Med 59, 3 (1993) 246–249.
Tunón, H., C. Olavsdotter, and L. Bohlin. Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory Activity of some Swedish Medicinal Plants. Inhibition of Prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF–Induced Exocytosis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 (1995) 61–76.
Larkspur
Batbayar, Nyamdari et al. Norditerpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium species. Phytochemistry 62 (2003) 543–550.
Burgess, Ian F. Human Lice and Their Management. Adances In Parasitology 36 (1995) 272–342.
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Ligusticum
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Del–Ángel, Mayela et al. Anti–inflammatory effect of natural and semi–synthetic phthalides. European Journal of Pharmacology 752 (2015) 40–48.
Linares, Edelmira and Bye, Robert A. A Study of Four Medicinal Plant Complexes of Mexico and Adjacent United States. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19 (1987) 153–183.
Lomatium
Asuming, Winna A. et al. Essential oil composition of four Lomatium Raf. species and their chemotaxonomy. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33 (2005) 17–26.
McCutcheon, A.R. et al. Antifungal Screening of Medicinal Plants of British Columbian Native Peoples. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, 3 (1994) 157–169.
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Madrone
Robinson, Frank P. and Hernri Martel. Betulinic acid from Arbutus menziesii. Phytochemistry 970 (1969) 907–909.
Robinson, Frank P. and Thomas N. McCaig. Lupeol and B–sitosterol in Arbutus menziesii. Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 3307–3308.
Wittig, Jorg, Sabine Wittemer, and Markus Veit. Validated method for the determination of hydroquinone in human urine by high–performance liquid chromatography–coulometric–array detection. Journal of Chromatography B 761 (2001) 125–132.
Marsh Marigold
Baykal, T. et al. Two oleanene glycosides from the aerial parts of Caltha polypetala. Phytochemistry 51 (1999) 1059–1063.
Stermitz, Frank R. and John A. Adamovics. Alkaloids of Caltha Leptosepala and Caltha biflora. Phytochemistry 16 (1977) 500.
Suszko, Agnieszka and Bozena Obminska–Mrukowicz. Influence of polysaccharide fractions isolated from Caltha palustris L. on the cellular immune response in collagen–induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. A comparison with methotrexate. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145 (2013) 109–117.
Turner, Nancy J. Counter–irritant and other medicinal uses of plants in Ranunculaceae by native peoples in British Columbia and neighboring areas. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 11 (1984) 181–201.
Monarda
Chen, W. and A.M. Viljoen. Geraniol — A review of a commercially important fragrance material. South African Journal of Botany 76 (2010) 643–651.
Feng, Wu, Jiaping Chen, Xiaodong Zheng, and Qing Liu. Thyme oil to control Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo as fumigant and contact treatments. Food Control 22 (2011) 78–81.
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Hart, Jeffrey A. The ethnobotany of the northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4 (1981) 1–55.
Tin, W., N.R. Farnsworth, and H.H.S. Fono. Isolation and inentification of alkanes from three taxa of Monarda. Lloydia 32 (1969) 509.
Monardella
Bräuchler, Christian, Harald Meimberg, and Günther Heubl. Molecular phylogeny of Menthinae (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae, Mentheae) – Taxonomy, biogeography and conflicts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2010) 501–523.
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Mullein
Khuroo, M.A. et al. Sterones, Iridoids and a Sesquiterpene from Verbascum Thapsus. Phytochemistry 27, 11 (1988) 3541–3544.
Turker, Arzu Ucar and N.D. Camper. Biological Activity of Common Mullein, a Medicinal Plant. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 82 (2002) 117–125.
Warashina, Tsutomu, Toshio Miyase, and Akira Ueno. Phenylethanoid and Lignan Glycosides from Verbascum Thapsus. Phytochemistry 31, 3 (1992) 961–965.
Nettle
Bnouham, Mohamed et al. Antihyperglycemic Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Urtica Dioica. Fitoterapia 74 (2003) 677–681.
Bondarenko, Boris et al. Long–Term Efficacy and Safety of PRO 160/120 (A Combination of Sabal and Urtica Extract) in Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS). Phytomedicine 10 (2003) 53–55.
Guarrera, Paolo Maria. Traditional Phytotherapy in Central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium). Fitoterapia 76 (2005) 1–25.
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Lowe, Franklin C. and Elliot Fagelman. Phytotherapy in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia An Update. Urology 53 (1999) 671–678.
Madersbacher, Stephan. et al. Medical Management of BPH Role of Plant Extracts. Eau–Ebu Update Series 5 (2007) 197–205.
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Sajfrtova, M. et al. Near–Critical Extraction of Sitosterol and Scopoletin from Stinging Nettle Roots. Journal of Supercritical Fluids 35 (2005) 111–118.
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Oak
Chen, C.L. Constituents of Quercus alba. Phytochemistry 9 (1970) 1149.
Feeny, P.P. and H. Bostock. Seasonal changes in the tannin content of Oak leaves. Phytochemistry 7 (1968) 871–880.
Masson, Gilles et al. Localization of the ellagitannins in the tissues of Quercus robur and Quercus petraea woods. Phytochemistry 37, 5 (1994) 1245–1249.
Scalbert, Augustin. Polyphenols and chemical defence of Quercus robur. Phytochemistry 26, 12 (1987) 3191–3195.
Oregongrape
Ivanovska, N. and S. Philipov. Study on the Anti–Inflammatory Action of Berberis Vulgaris Root Extract, Alkaloid Fractions and Pure Alkaloids. International Journal Of Immunopharmacology 18, 10 (1996) 553–561.
Janbaz, K.H. and A.H. Gilani. Studies on Preventive and Curative Effects of Berberine on Chemical–Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rodents. Fitoterapia 71 (2000) 25–33.
Ji, Xiuhong et al. Determination of the Alkaloid Content in Different Parts of some Mahonia Plants by HPCE. Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 74 (2000) 387–391.
Khin–Maung–U and Nwe–Nwe–Wai. Effect of Berberine on Enterotoxin–Induced Intestinal Fluid Accumulation in Rats. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 10, 4 (1992) 201–204.
Kostalova, D., A. Kardosova, and V. Hajnicka. Effect of Mahonia Aquifolium Stem Bark Crude Extract and One of its Polysaccharide Components on Production of IL–8. Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 802–806.
Sack, R.B. and J.L. Froehlich. Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Secretory Response of Vibrio Cholerae and Escherichia Coli Enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35, 2 (1982) 471–475.
Shamsa, F., A. Ahmadiani, and R. Khosrokhavar. Antihistaminic and Anticholinergic Activity of Barberry Fruit (Berberis Vulgaris) in the Guinea–Pig Ileum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64 (1999) 161–166
Sohni, Y.R., P. Kaimal, and R.M. Bhatt. The Antiamoebic Effect of a Crude Drug Formulation of Herbal Extracts Against Entamoeba Histolytica In Vitro and In Vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45, 1 (1995) 43–52.
Sohni, Youvraj R. and Ranjan M. Bhatt. Activity of a Crude Extract Formulation in Experimental Hepatic Amoebiasis and in Immunomodulation Studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54 (1996) 119–124.
Stermitz, F.R. et al. 5’–Methoxyhydnocarpin–D and Pheophorbide A Berberis Species Components That Potentiate Berberine Growth Inhibition of Resistant Staphylococcusaureus. Journal of Natural Products 63, 8 (2000) 1146–1149.
Stermitz, Frank R. et al. Staphylococcus Aureus MDR Effux Pump Inhibitors from a Berberis and a Mahonia (Sensu Strictu) Species. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29 (2001) 793–798.
Yesilada, Erdem and Esra Küpeli. Berberis Crataegina DC. Root Exhibits Potent Anti–Inflammatory, Analgesic and Febrifuge Effects in Mice and Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002) 237–248.
Ox–Eye Daisy
Wilcox, Balafama H.R. Favonoid Distribution Patterns in Leucanthemum and Related Species from North Africa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1, 4 (1984) 357–361.
Wrang, Per A. and Jorgen Lam. Polyacetylenes from Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. Phytochemistry 14 (1975) 1027–1035.
Pedicularis
Berg, Thomas et al. Iridoid glucosides from Pedicularis. Phytochemistry 24, 3 (1985) 491–493.
Bao–Ning, Su et al. Neolignan, phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from Pedicularis verticillata. Phytochemistry 45, 6 (1997) 1271–1273.
Schneider, Marilyn J. et al. Proceroside, an iridoid glucoside from Pedicularis procera. Phytochemistry 46, 6 (1997) 1097–1098.
Schneider, Marilyn J. et al. Uptake of host plant alkaloids by root parasitic Pedicularis species. Phytochemistry 29, 6 (1990) 1811–1814.
Singh, K.N. and Brij Lal. Ethnomedicines used against four common ailments by the tribal communities of Lahaul–Spiti in western Himalaya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 147–159.
Pine
Anderson, B. et al. Monoterpenes, fatty acids, and resin acids of Pinus edulis and Pinus albicaulis. Phytochemistry 8 (1969) 1999–2001.
Bobalek, John F. and Morris A. Johnson. Arabinogalactan–proteins from Douglas fir and Loblolly pine. Phytochemistry 22, 6 (1983) 1500–1503.
Haberer, Kristine, Lutz Jaeger, and Heinz Rennenberg. Seasonal patterns of ascorbate in the needles of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees Correlation analyses with atmospheric O3 and NO2 gas mixing ratios and meteorological parameters. Environmental Pollution 139 (2006) 224–231.
Keeling, Christopher I. and Jorg Bohlmann. Diterpene resin acids in conifers. Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 2415–2423.
Snajberk, Karel and Eugene Zavarin. Composition of turpentine from Pinus edulis wood oleoresin. Phytochemistry 14 (1975) 2025–2028.
Stermitz, Frank et al. Piperidine alkaloid content of Picea (Spruce) and Pinus (Pine). Phytochemistry 35, 4 (1994) 951–953.
Süntar, Ipek et al. Appraisal on the wound healing and anti–inflammatory activities of the essential oils obtained from the cones and needles of Pinus species by in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139 (2012) 533–540.
Zavarin, Eugene and Fields W. Cobb. Oleoresin variability in Pinus ponderosa. Phytochemistry 9 (1970) 2509–2515.
Zavarin, Eugene et al. Variation of the Pinus ponderosa needle oil with season and needle age. Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 3107–3114.
Zinkel, Duane and Thomas V. Magee. Resin acids of Pinus ponderosa needles. Phytochemistry 30, 3 (1991) 845–848.
Pipsissewa
Galvan, Imelda J. et al. Antifungal and antioxidant activities of the phytomedicine pipsissewa, Chimaphila umbellata. Phytochemistry 69 (2008) 738–746.
Oka, Michiko et al. Relevance of anti–reactive oxygen species activity to anti–inflammatory activity of components of Eviprostat, a phytotherapeutic agent for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Phytomedicine 14 (2007) 465–472.
Plantain
Samuelsen, Anne Berit. The Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plantago Major L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71 (2000) 1–21.
Samuelsen, Anne Berit et al. Characterization of a Biologically Active Arabinogalactan from the Leaves of Plantago Major L. Carbohydrate Polymers 35 (1998) 145–153.
Taskova, Rilka et al. Iridoid Glucosides from Plantago Cornuti, Plantago Major and Veronica Cymbalaria. Phytochemistry 52 (1999) 1443–1445.
Pulsatilla
Turner, Nancy J. Counter–irritant and other medicinal uses of plants in Ranunculaceae by native peoples in British Columbia and neighboring areas. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 11 (1984) 181–201.
Ye, Wen–Cai et al. Patensin, a saponin from Pulsatilla patens var. multifida. Phytochemistry 39, 4 (1995) 937–939.
Pussytoes
Bayer, Randall J. A phylogenetic reconstruction of Antennaria (Asteraceae Inuleae). Canadian Journal of Botany 68, (2011) 1389–1397.
Pyrola
Averett, John E. et al. Eight flavonol glycosides in Pyrola (Pyrolaceae). Phytochemistry 25, 8 (1986) 1995–1996.
Leonid R. Ptitsyn et al. The 1,4–naphthoquinone derivative from Pyrola rotundifolia activates AMPK phosphorylation in C2C12 myotubes. Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 1285–1289.
Rattlesnake Plantain
Du, Xiao–Ming. Flavonoids from Goodyera schlechtendaliana. Phytochemistry 53 (2000) 997–1000.
Red Osier Dogwood
Du, C.T. et al. Anthocyanins of Cornaceae, Cornus canadensis. Phytochemistry 13 (1974) 2002.
Graziose, Rocky et al. Antiparasitic compounds from Cornus florida L. with activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania tarentolae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 142 (2012) 456–461.
Red Raspberry
Bobinaite, Ramune et al. Variation of total phenolics, anthocyanins, ellagic acid and radical scavenging capacity in various raspberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars. Food Chemistry 132 (2012) 1495–1501.
Okuda, Takuo et al. Hydrolysable tannins as chemotaxonomic markers in the Rosaceae. Phytochemistry 31, 9 (1992) 3091–3096.
Ryan, J.J. and D.E. Coffin. Flavonol glucuronides from Red raspberry, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae). Phytochemistry 10 (1971) 1675–1677.
Venskutonis, P.R. et al. Radical scavenging activity and composition of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaves from different locations in Lithuania. Fitoterapia 78 (2007) 162–165.
Red Root
Li, Xing–Cong, Cai, Lining, and Wu, D. Antimicrobial Compounds from Ceanothus Americanus against Oral Pathogens. Phytochemistry 40, 1 (1997) 97–102.
Baig, Mizra A. and Banthorpe, Derek V. Accumulation of Tetrapeptide Precursors of Macrocyclic Alkaloids by Callus of Ceanothus Americanus. Phytochemistry 34, 1 (1993) 171–174.
Ribes
Mattila, Pirjo H. et al. High variability in flavonoid contents and composition between different North–European currant (Ribes spp.) varieties. Food Chemistry 204 (2016) 14–20.
Tabart, Jessica et al. Antioxidant and anti–inflammatory activities of Ribes nigrum extracts. Food Chemistry 131 (2012) 1116–1122.
Sagebrush
Gunawardena, K., S.B. Rivera, and W.W. Epstein. The Monoterpenes of Artemisia Tridentata ssp. Vaseyana, Artemisia Cana ssp. Viscidula and Artemisia Tridentata ssp. Spiciformis. Phytochemistry 59 (2002) 197–203.
Kelley, B.D., J.M. Appelt, and G.D. Appelt. Artemisia Tridentata (Basin Sagebrush) in the Southwestern United States of America Medicinal Uses and Pharmacologic Implications. International Journal of the Addictions 27, 3 (1992) 347–366.
McCutcheon, A.R. et al. Antifungal Screening of Medicinal Plants of British Columbian Native Peoples. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, 3 (1994) 157–169.
Smith, Bruce N. et al. Stress–Induced Metabolic Differences Between Populations and Subspecies of Artemisia Tridentata (Sagebrush) from a Single Hillside. Thermochimica Acta 394 (2002) 205–210.
Scarlet Pimpernel
López, Víctor et al. Pharmacological properties of Anagallis arvensis L. (scarlet pimpernel) and Anagallis foemina Mill. (blue pimpernel) traditionally used as wound healing remedies in Navarra (Spain). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 (2011) 1014–1017.
Shoji, Noboru et al. Triterpenoid glycosides from Anagallis arvensis. Phytochemistry 37, 5 (1994) 1397–1402.
Self Heal
Kojima, Hisashi et al. Pentacyclic triterpenoids from Prunella vulgaris. Phytochemistry 26, 4 (1987) 1107–1111.
Sun, Hong–Xiang et al. In vitro and in vivo immunosuppressive activity of Spica Prunellae ethanol extract on the immune responses in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 101 (2005) 31–36.
Zhang, Yongwen et al. Chemical properties, mode of action, and in vivo anti–herpes activities of a lignin–carbohydrate complex from Prunella vulgaris. Antiviral Research 75 (2007) 242–249.
Shepard’s Purse
Kurode, Keiko and Tenmin Kaku. Pharmacological and Chemical Studies on the Alcohol Extract of Capsella Bursa–Pastoris. Life Sciences 8 (1989) 151–155.
Mukherjee, Kumar D., I. Kiewitt and H. Hurka. Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Seeds of Capsella Species from Different Geographical Locations. Phytochemistry 23, 1 (1984) 117–119.
Silk Tassel
Cameron, Donald W. et al. Iridoids of Garrya elliptica as plant growth inhibitors. Phytochemistry 23, 3 (1984) 533–535.
Pelletier, S.W. and L.H. Keith. Diterpene alkaloids from Aconitum, Delphinium, and Garrya species. Chemical Abstracts 2 (1968) 136–206.
Roth, William B. et al. New sources of Gutta–percha in Garrya flavescens and G. wrightii. Phytochemistry 24, 1 (1985) 183–184.
Valenta, Z., K. Wiesner, and C.M. Wong. A total synthesis of the Garrya alkaloids. Tetrahedron Letters 36 (1964) 2437–2442.
Skullcap
Awad, R. et al. Phytochemical and biological analysis of Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora L.): A medicinal plant with anxiolytic properties. Phytomedicine 10 (2003) 640–649.
Li, Jing et al. Identification of phenolic compounds from Scutellaria lateriflora by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet photodiode array and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 63 (2012) 120– 127.
Rodriguez, Beatriz et al. Neo–clerodane diterpenoids from Scutellaria galericulata. Phytochemistry 41, 1 (1996) 247–253.
Yoon, Seo Young et al. Convulsion–related activities of Scutellaria flavones are related to the 5,7–dihydroxyl structures. European Journal of Pharmacology 659 (2011) 155–160.
Zhang, Zhizhen et al. Characterization of chemical ingredients and anticonvulsant activity of American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). Phytomedicine 16 (2009) 485–493.
Sneezeweed
Fortuna, Antonio M. et al. Antimicrobial activities of sesquiterpene lactones and inositol derivatives from Hymenoxys robusta. Phytochemistry 72 (2011) 2413–2418.
Shemluck, Melvin. Medicinal and other uses of the Compositae by Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5 (1982) 303–358.
Spring, Otmar et al. Chemistry of Glandular Trichomes in Hymenoxys and Related Genera. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22, 1 (1994) 171–195.
Spearmint
Arumugam, P. et al. Anti–Inflammatory Activity of Four Solvent Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Mentha Spicata L. Investigated on Acute and Chronic Inflammation Induced Rats. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26 (2008) 92–95.
Choudhury, R. Paul, A. Kumar, and A.N. Garg. Analysis of Indian Mint (Mentha Spicata) for Essential, Trace and Toxic Elements and its Antioxidant Behaviour. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 41 (2006) 825–832.
Vian, Maryline Abert et al. Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity, a New Technique for Extraction of Essential Oils. Journal of Chromatography A 1190 (2008) 14–17.
Spruce
Keeling, Christopher I. and Jorg Bohlmann. Diterpene resin acids in conifers. Phytochemistry 67 (2006) 2415–2423.
Pan, Hefeng and Lennart N. Lungren. Phenolic estractives from root bark of Picea abies. Phytochemistry 39, 6 (1995) 1423–1428.
Stermitz, Frank et al. Piperidine alkaloid content of Picea (Spruce) and Pinus (Pine). Phytochemistry 35, 4 (1994) 951–953.
Tumena, Ibrahim et al. Wound repair and anti–inflammatory potential of essential oils from cones of Pinaceae Preclinical experimental research in animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (2011) 1215– 1220.
St. John’s Wort
Fiebich, Bernd L. et al. Pharmacological studies in an herbal drug combination of St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) and passion flower (Passiflora incarnata) In vitro and in vivo evidence of synergy between Hypericum and Passiflora in antidepressant pharmacological models. Fitoterapia 82 (2011) 474–480.
Fritz, Daniela et al. Herpes Virus Inhibitory Substances from Hypericum Connatum Lam., a Plant Used in Southern Brazil to Treat Oral Lesions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113 (2007) 517–520.
Linde, K. and L. Knuppel. Large–Scale Observational Studies of Hypericum Extracts in Patients with Depressive Disorders—A Systematic Review. Phytomedicine 12 (2005) 148–157.
Piovan, Anna et al. Detection of Hypericins in the ‘‘Red Glands’’ of Hypericum Elodes by ESI–MS/MS. Phytochemistry 65 (2004) 411–414.
Sanchez, C.C. et al. Antidepressant Effects of the Methanol Extract of several Hypericum Species from the Canary Islands. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002) 119–127.
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Stachys
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Sweet Cicely
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Sweet Clover
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Toadflax
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Usnea
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Uva–Ursi
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Valerian
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Verbena
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Western Mugwort
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Wild Cherry
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Wild Iris
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Wild Rose
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Zhang, Shuai et al. Effects of flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit against high–fat diet–induced non–alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Food Chemistry 141 (2013) 2108–2116.
Wild Strawberry
Liberal, Joana et al. Bioactivity of Fragaria vesca leaves through inflammation, proteasome and autophagy modulation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 158 (2014) 113–122.
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Wild Violet
Hellinger, Roland et al. Immunosuppressive activity of an aqueous Viola tricolor herbal extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 151 (2014) 299–306.
Herrmann, Anders et al. The alpine violet, Viola biflora, is a rich source of cyclotides with potent cytotoxicity. Phytochemistry 69 (2008) 939–952.
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Piana, Mariana et al. Antiinflammatory effects of Viola tricolor gel in a model of sunburn in rats and the gel stability. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2013) 458–465.
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Willow
Chrubasik, Sigrun et al. Treatment of Low Back Pain Exacerbations with Willow Bark Extract A Randomized Double–Blind Study. The American Journal of Medicine 109 (2000) 9–14.
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Tunón, H., C. Olavsdotter, and L. Bohlin. Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory Activity of some Swedish Medicinal Plants. Inhibition of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and PAF–Induced Exocytosis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 (1995) 61–76.
Yarrow
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Benedek, B. et al. Choleretic Effects of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium s.l.) in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver. Phytomedicine 13 (2006) 702–706.
Cavalcanti, A.M. et al. Safety and Antiulcer Efficacy Studies of Achillea Millefolium vL. After Chronic Treatment in Wistar Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 107 (2006) 277–284.
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Guedon, Didier, P. Abbe, and J.L. Lamaison. Leaf and Flower Head Flavonoids of Achillea Millefolium L. Subspecies. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21, 5 (1993) 607–611.
Innocentia, G. et al. In Vitro Estrogenic Activity of Achillea Millefolium L. Phytomedicine 14 (2007) 147–152.
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Kubelka, Wolfgang et al. Chemotaxonomic Relevance of Sesquiterpenes Within the Achillea Millefolium Group. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27 (1999) 437–444.
Kültür, A. Medicinal Plants used in Kirklareli Province (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111 (2007) 341–364.
Lans, Cheryl, N. Turner, T. Khan, and G. Brauer. Ethnoveterinary Medicines Used to Treat Endoparasites and Stomach Problems in Pigs and Pets in British Columbia, Canada. Veterinary Parasitology 148 (2007) 325–340.
Lietave, Jan. Medicinal Plants in a Middle Paleolithic Grave Shanidar IV? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35 (1992) 263–266.
Mockute, Danute and A. Judzentiene. Variability of the Essential Oils Composition of Achillea Millefolium ssp. Millefolium Growing Wild in Lithuania. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 (2003) 1033–1045.
Yellow Pond Lily
Bate–Smith, E.C. Chemotaxonomy of Nuphar lutea. Phytochemistry 7 (1968) 459.
Cybulski, Jacek and Jerzy T. Worbel. Nuphar alkaloids. The Alkaloids 35, 5 (1989) 215–257.
Cybulski, Jacek et al. Nuphacristine – an alkaloid form Nuphar luteum. Phytochemistry 27 (1988) 3339–3341.
LaLonde, R.T. and C.F. Wong. Sulfur containing alkaloids from Nuphar lutea. Phytochemistry 11 (1972) 3305–3306.