Aloe

Chithra, P., G.B. Sajithlal, and Gowri Chandrakasan. “Influence of Aloe Vera on the Glycosaminoglycans in the Matrix of Healing Dermal Wounds in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 59 (1998): 179–186.

D.N. Herndon and J.P. Heggers. “Retardation of Wound Healing by Silver Sulfadiazine is Reversed by Aloe Vera and Nystatin.” Burns 29 (2003): 834–836.

Seyger, M.M.B., P.C.M. van de Kerkhof, I.M.J.J. van Vlijmen–Willems, E.S.M. de Bakker, F. Zwiers, and E.M.G.J. de Jong. “The Efficacy of a New Topical Treatment for Psoriasis: Mirak.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 11 (1998): 13–18.

Femenia, Antoni, Emma S. Sánchez, Susana Simal, and Carmen Rosselló. “Compositional Features of Polysaccharides from Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis Miller) Plant Tissues.” Carbohydrate Polymers 39 (1999): 109–117.

Frode, T.S. and Y.S. Medeiros. “Animal Models to Test Drugs with Potential Antidiabetic Activity.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008): 173–183. Grover, J.K., S. Yadav, and V. Vats. “Medicinal Plants of India with Anti–Diabetic Potential.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002): 81–100.

Jia, Yimei, Guodong Zhaoa, Jicheng Jia. “Preliminary Evaluation: The Effects of Aloe Ferox Miller and Aloe Arborescens Miller on Wound Healing.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120 (2008): 181–189.

Muller, M.J., M.A. Hollyoak, Z. Moaveni, Tim La H. Brown, T. Reynolds, A.C. Dweck. “Aloe Vera Leaf Gel: A Review Update.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68 (1999): 3–37.

Rodríguez, D. Jasso de, D. Hernández–Castillo, R. Rodríguez–García, and J.L. Angulo–Sánchez. “Antifungal Activity In Vitro of Aloe Vera Pulp and Liquid Fraction Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi.” Industrial Crops and Products xxx (2004): xxx–xxx.

Sadiq, Yusuf, Agunu Abdulkarim, and Diana Mshelia. “The Effect of Aloe Vera A. Berger (Liliaceae) on Gastric Acid Secretion and Acute Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 93 (2004): 33–37.

Váquez, Beatriz, Guillermo Avila, David Segura, and Bruno Escalante. “Antiinflammatory Activity of Extracts from Aloe Vera Gel.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55 (1996): 69–75.

Verlag, Gustav Fischer. “Antidiabetic Activity of Aloe Vera L. Juice. I. Clinical Trial in New Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.” Phytomedicine 3, 3 (1996): 241–243.

Antelope Horns

Chiu, F.C. and Watson, T.R. “Conformational Factors in Cardiac Glycoside Activity.” Journal of Medical Chemistry 28, 4 (1985): 509–515.

Giordani, R., Moulin–Traffort, J., and Regli, P. “Glycosidic Activities of Candida Albicans After Action of Vegetable Latex Saps (Natural Antifungals) and Isoconazole (Synthetic Antifungal).” Mycoses 34, 1–2 (1991): 67–73.

Kelley, Bruce D., Glenn D. Appelt, and Jennifer M. Appelt. “Pharmacological Aspects of Selected Herbs Employed in Hispanic Folk Medicine in the San Luis Valley of Colorado, USA: II Asclepias Asperula (Inmortal) and Achillea Lanulosa (Plumajillo).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 22 (1988): l–9.

Radford, D.J., Gillies, A.D., Hinds, J.A., and Duffy, P. “Naturally Occurring Cardiac Glycosides.” Medical Journal of Australia 144, 10 (1986): 540–544.

Sady, Michael B. and James N. Seiber. “Chemical Differences Between Species of Asclepias from the Intermountain Region of North America.” Phytochemistry 30, 9 (1991): 3001–3003.

Seiber, James N., Carolyn J. Nelson, and S. Mark Lee. “Cardenolides in the Latex and Leaves of Seven Asclepias Species and Calotropis Procrea.” Phytochemistry 21, 9 (1982): 2343–2348.

Baccharis

Falcao, H.S., I.R. Mariath, M.F.F.M. Diniz, L.M. Batista, and J.M. Barbosa–Filho. “Plants of the American Continent with Antiulcer Activity.” Phytomedicine 15 (2008): 132–146.

Moreno–Salazar, S.F., R.E. Robles–Zepeda, and D.E. Johnson. “Plant Folk Medicines for Gastrointestinal Disorders Among the Main Tribes of Sonora, Mexico.” Fitoterapia 79 (2008): 132–141.

Beargrass

Mimaki, Y., Takaashi, Y., Kuroda, M., Sashida, Y., and Nikaido, T. “Steroidal Saponins from Nolina Recurvata Stems and their Inhibitory Activity on Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase.” Phytochemisty 42, 6 (1996): 1609–1615.

Bird of Paradise

Andrade, C.T., E.G. Azero, L. Luciano, and M.P. Goncalves. “Solution Properties of the Galactomannans Extracted from the Seeds of Caesalpinia Pulcherrima and Cassia Javanica: Comparison with Locust Bean Gum.” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 26 (1999): 181–185.

Heras, B. de las, K. Slowing, J. Benedí, E. Carretero, T. Ortega, C. Toledo, P. Bermejo, I. Iglesias, M.J. Abad, P. Gómez–Serranillos, P.A. Liso, A. Villar, and X. Chiriboga. “Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Ecuador.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1998): 161–166.

Krishna, K.V.S. Rama, K. Hara Kishore, and U.S.N. Murty. “Flavanoids from Caesalpinia Pulcherrima.” Phytochemistry 63 (2003): 789–793.

Muschietti L., V. Martino, G. Ferraro, J. Coussio, L. Segura, C. Cartana, S. Canigueral, and T. Adzet. “The Anti–Inflammatory Effect of some Species from South America.” Phytotherapy Research 10, 1 (1996): 84–86.

Patil, Ashok D., Alan J. Freyer, R. Lee Webb, Gary Zuber, Rex Reichwein, Mark F. Bean, Leo Faucette, and Randall K. Johnson. “Pulcherrimins A – D, Novel Diterpene Dibenzoates from Caesalpinia pulcherrima with Selective Activity against DNA Repair–Deficient Yeast Mutants.” Tetrahedron 53, 5 (1997): 1583–1592.

Pavón, Numa P. and Oscar Briones. “Phenological Patterns of Nine Perennial Plants in an Intertropical Semi–arid Mexican Scrub.” Journal of Arid Environments 49 (2001): 265–277.

Bouvardia

Jimenez–Ferrer, E. et al. “Antitoxin activity of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine against scorpion poisoning”. Phytomedicine 12 (2005): 116–122.

Jimenez–Ferrer, E. et al. “The secretagogue effect of the poison from Centruroides limpidus limpidus on the pancreas of mice and the antagonistic action of the Bouvardia ternifolia extract.” Phytomedicine 12 (2005): 65–71.

Pérez–Gutiérrez, R M et al. “Effect of Triterpenoids of Bouvardia terniflora on blood sugar levels of normal and alloxan diabetic mice.” Phytomedicine 5 (1998): 475–478.

Pérez–Gutiérrez, R M et al. “Hypoglycemic activity of Bouvardia  terniflora, Brickelia veronicaefolia, and Parmentiera edulis”. Salud Publica Mex. (1998): 40 354–358.

Bricklebush

Beck, John J. and Frank R. Stermitz. “Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Brickellia Grandiflora and Cryptantha Jamesii.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 30 (2002): 1079–1081.

Perez–Gutierrez, R.M., Perez–Gonzalez, C., Zavala–Sanchez, M.A., Perez–Gutierrez, S. “Hypoglycemic Activity of Bouvardia Terniflora, Brickellia Veronicaefolia, and Parmentiera Edulis.” Salud Publica Mex 40, 4 (1998): 354–358.

Brittlebush

Proksch, P., M. Breuer, and H. Budzikiewicz. “Benzofuran Derivatives from Two Encelia Species.” Phytochemistry 24, 12 (1985): 3069–3071.

Proksch, P., U. Politt, E. Wollenweber, V. Wray, and C. Clark. “Epicuticular Flavonoids from Encelia.” Planta Medica 54, 6 (1988): 542–546.

Proksch, Peter, Aristotelis Mitsakos, Jutta Bodden, and Eckhard Wollenweber. “Benzofurans and Methylated Flavonoids of Geraea (Asteraceae).” Phytochemistry 25, 10 (1986): 2367–2369.

Wisdom, Charles and Eloy Rodriguez. “Seasonal Age–Specific Measurements of the Sesquiterpene Lactones and Chromenes of Encelia Farinosa.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11, 4 (1978): 345–352.

Wisdom, Charles and Eloy Rodriguez. “Quantitative Variation of the Sesquiterpene Lactones and Chromenes of Encelia Farinosa.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 10, 1 (1978): 43–48.

California Poppy

Beck, Mona–Antonia and Hanns Häberlein. “Flavonol Glycosides from Eschscholtzia Californica.” Phytochemistry 50 (1999): 329–332.

Chaffee, M.A. and C.W. Gale, III. “The California Poppy (Eschscholtzia Mexicana) as a Copper Indicator—A New Example.” Journal of Geochemical Exploration 5 (1976): 59–63.

Fabre, Nicolas, Catherine Claparols, Suzanne Richelme, Marie–Laure Angelin, Isabelle Fourasté, and Claude Moulis. “Direct Characterization of Isoquinoline Alkaloids in a Crude Plant Extract by Ion–Pair Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Example of Eschscholtzia Californica.” Journal of Chromatography A 904, 1 (2000): 35–46.

Paul, Liane D. and Hans H. Maurer. “Studies on the Metabolism and Toxicological Detection of the Eschscholtzia Californica Alkaloids Californine and Protopine in Urine Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry.” Journal of Chromatography B 789 (2003): 43–57.

Caltrop

Lia, Veronica V., Viviana A. Confalonieri, Cecilia I. Comas, and Juan H. Hunziker. “Molecular Phylogeny of Larrea and Its Allies (Zygophyllaceae): Reticulate Evolution and the Probable Time of Creosote Bush Arrival to North America.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21, 2 (2001): 309–320.

Saleh, Nabiel A. M., Mohamed Nabil El–Hadidi, and Ahmed A. Ahmed. “The Chemosystematics of Tribulaceae.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 10, 4 (1982): 313–317.

Camphorweed

Gené, Rosa M., Laura Segura, Tomás Adzet, Esther Marin, and José Iglesias. “Heterotheca Inuloides: Anti–inflammatory and Analgesic Effect.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60 (1998): 157–162.

Lincoln, David E. and Brian M. Lawrence. “The Volatile Constituents of Camphorweed, Heterotheca Subaxillaris.” Phytochemistry 23, 4 (1984): 933–934.

Morimoto, Masanori, Charles L. Cantrell, Lynn Libous–Bailey, and Stephen O. Duke. “Phytotoxicity of Constituents of Glandular Trichomes and the Leaf Surface of Camphorweed, Heterotheca Subaxillaris.” Phytochemistry 70 (2009): 69–74.

Canadian Fleabane

Heras, B. de las, K. Slowing, J. Benedía, E. Carretero, T. Ortega, C. Toledo, P. Bermejo, I. Iglesias, M.J. Abad, P. Gómez–Serranillos, P.A. Liso, A. Villar, and X. Chiriboga. “Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Ecuador.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1998): 161–166.

Lenfeld, J., O. Motl, and A. Trka. “Antiinflammatory Activity of Extracts from Conyza Canadensis.” Pharmazie 41, 4 (1986): 268–269.

Todd, Albert M. “Oils of Erigeron and Fireweed.” American Journal of Pharmacy 59, 6 (1887).

Canyon Bursage

Muschietti, L., V. Martino,G. Ferraro, J. Coussio, L. Segura, C. Cartana, S. Canigueral, and T. Adzet. “The Antiiflammatory Effects of some Species from South America.” Phytotherapy Research 10, 1 (1996): 84–86.

Wang, P.H., J. XU, and M.Y. WU. “Chemical Constituents of Ragweed (Artemisia Artemisiifolia).” China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 18, 3 (1993): 164–166.

Canyon Walnut

Biancoa, M. A., A. Handajia, and H. Savolainenb. “Quantitative Analysis of Ellagic Acid in Hardwood Samples.” The Science of the Total Environment 222 (1998): 123–126.

Boelkins, James N., Lloyd K. Everson, and Theodore K. Auyong. “Effects of Intravenous Juglone in the Dog.” Toxicon 6, 2 (1968): 99–102.

Guarrera, Paolo Maria. “Traditional Antihelmintic, Antiparasitic and Repellent Uses of Plants in Central Italy.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68 (1999): 183–192.

Lopez, A., J.B. Hudson, and G.H.N. Towers. “Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities of Colombian Medicinal Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77 (2001): 189–196.

Omar, S., B. Lemonnier, N. Jones, C. Ficker, M.L. Smith, C. Neema, Towers, G.H.N., K. Goel, and J.T. Arnason. “Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Eastern North American Hardwood Trees and Relation to Traditional Medicine.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000): 161–170.

Chaste Tree

Böhnert, K. J. “The Use of Vitex Agnus Castus for Hyperprolactinemia.” Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine, spring (1997): 19–21.

Brown, Donald J. “Vitex Agnus Castus Clinical Monograph from Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine.” Herbal Research Review, Summer (1994)

Halaška, M., P. Beles, C. Gorkow, and C. Sieder. “Treatment of Cyclical Mastalgia with a Solution Containing a Vitex Agnus Castus Extract: Results of a Placebo–Controlled Double–Blind Study.” The Breast 8 (1999): 175–181.

Lauritzen, CH., H.D. Reuter, R. Repges, K.J. Böhnert, and U. Schmidt. “Treatment of Premenstrual Tension Syndrome with Vitex Agnus Castus Controlled, Double–Blind Study Versus Pyridoxine.” Phytomedicine 4, 3 (1997): 183–189.

Lucks, Barbara Chopin. “Vitex Agnus Castus Essential Oil and Menopausal Balance: A Research Update.” Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery 8 (2003): 148–154.

Schellenberg, R. “Treatment for the Premenstrual Syndrome with Agnus Castus Fruit Extract: Prospective, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study.” British Medical Journal 322 (2001): 134–137.

Chinchweed

Downum, K. R., D. J. Keil, and E. Rodriguez. “Distribution of Acetylenic Thiophenes in the Pectidinae.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 13, 2 (1985): 109–113.

Clematis

Buzzini, P. and A. Pieroni. “Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Vitalba Clematis Towards Pathogenic Yeast and Yeast–Like Microorganisms.” Fitoterapia (2003).

Kern, John R. and John H. Cardellina II. “Native American Medicinal Plants. Anemonin from the Horse Stimulant Clematis Hirsutissima.” Journal of Ethnopharmocology 8 (1983): 121–123.

Li, Rachel W., G. David Lin, Stephen P. Myers, and David N. Leach. “Anti–inflammatory Activity of Chinese Medicinal Vine Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85 (2003): 61–67.

Cocklebur

Malik, Mabgel S., Naresh K. Sangwan, and Kuldip Singh Dhindsa. “Xanthanolides from Xanthium Strumarium.” Phytochemistry 32, 1 (1993): 206–207.

Omar, Abdallah A., Elsayed M. Elrashidy, Nabila A. Ghazy, Ali M. Metwally, Jurgen Ziesche, and Ferdinand Bohlmann. “Xanthanolides from Xanthium Spinosum.” Phtyochemistry 23, 4 (1984): 915–916.

Copperleaf

Büssing, A., G.M. Stein, I. Herterich–Akinpelu, and U. Pfüller. “Apoptosis–Associated Generation of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates and Release of Pro–Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Lymphocytes and Granulocytes by Extracts from the Seeds of Acalypha Wilkesiana.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 (1999): 301–309.

Samy, R. Perumal, S. Ignacimuthu, and D. Patric Raja. “Short Communication Preliminary Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants from India.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 (1999): 235–240.

Cáceres, Armando, Beatriz López, Sonia González, Ingeborg Berger, Isao Tada, and Jun Maki. “Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Protozoal Infections. I. Screening of Activity to Bacteria, Fungi and American Trypanosomes of 13 Native Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62 (1998): 195–202.

Reddy, J. Suresh, P. Rajeswara Rao, and Mada S. Reddy. “Wound Healing Effects of Heliotropium Indicum, Plumbago Zeylanicum and Acalypha Indica in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002): 249–251.

Irobia, O.N. and A. Bansob. “Effects of Crude Leaf Extracts of Acalypha Torta Against some Anaerobic Bacteria.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, 1 (1994): 63–65.

Cottonwood

English, S, W. Greenaway, and F.R. Whatley. “Analysis of Phenolics in the Bud Exudates of Populus Deltoides, P. Fremontii, P. Sargentii and P. Wislizenii by GC–MS.” Phytochemistry 31, 4 (1992): 1255–1260.

Mattes, Benjamin R., Thomas P. Clausen, and Paul B. Reichardt. “Volatile Constituents of Balsam Popular: The Phenol Glycoside Connection.” Phytochemistry 25, 5 (1987): 1361–1366.

Pearl, Irwin A. and Stephen F. Darling. “Hot Water Phenolic Extractives of the Bark and Leaves of Diploid Populus Tremuloides.” Phytochemistry 10 (1971): 483–484.

Tiitto, Julkunen Riitta. “A Chemotaxonomic Survey of Phenolic in Leaves of Northern Salicaceae Species.” Phytochemistry 25, 3 (1986): 663–667.

Creosote Bush

Anesini, Claudia and Cristina Perez. “Screening of Plants Used in Argentine Folk Medicine for Antimicrobial Activity.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 39 (1993): 119–128.

Craigo, Jodi, Michelle Callahan, Ru Chih C. Huang, and Angelo L. DeLucia. “Inhibition of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Gene Expression by Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid Plant Lignan Derivatives.” Antiviral Research 47 (2000): 19–28.

Grant, Kathryn L., Leslie V. Boyer, and Boyd E. Erdman. “Chaparral Induced Hepatotoxicity.” Intagrative Medicine 1, 2 (1998): 83–87.

Hyder, Paul W., E.L. Fredrickson, Rick E. Estell, Mario Tellez, and Robert P. Gibbens. “Distribution and Concentration of Total Phenolics, Condensed Tannins, and Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (NDGA) in Creosotebush (Larrea Tridentata).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 30 (2002): 905–912.

Quiroga, Emma Nelly, Antonio Rodolfo Sampietro, and Marta Amelia Vattuone. “Screening Antifungal Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74 (2001): 89–96.

Vargas–Arispuro, I., R. Reyes–Baez, G. Rivera–Castaneda, M.A. Martınez–Tellez, and I. Rivero–Espejel. “Antifungal Lignans from the Creosotebush (Larrea Tridentata).” Industrial Crops and Products 22 (2005): 101–107.

Verástegui, M. Angeles, César A. Sánchez, Norma L. Heredia, and J. Santos García–Alvarado. “Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts of Three Chihuahuan Desert Major Plants from the Chihuahuan Desert.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 52 (1996): 175–177.

Crownbeard

Banerjee, Shanta, Jasmin Jakupovic, Ferdinand Bohlmann, Robert M. King, and Harold Robinson. “A Rearranged Eudesmane and Further Verbesindiol Derivatives from Verbesina Eggersii.” Phytochemistry 24, 5 (1985): 1106–1108.

Eichholzer, John V., Ivor A. S. Lewis, John K. Macleod, Peter B. Oelrichsa, and Peter J. Vallelya. “Galegine and a New Dihydroxyalkylacetamide from Verbesina Enceloiodes.” Phytochemistry 21, 1 (1982): 97–99.

Glennie, C. W. and S. C. Jaint. “Flavonol 3,7–Diglycosides of Verbesina Encelioides.” Phytochemistry 19, 1 (1980): 157–158.

Crucifixion Thorn

Calzado–Flores, C., E.M. Guajardo–Touche, M. P. Carranza–Rosales, and J.J. Segura–Luna. “In Vitro Anti–Trichomonic Activity of Castela texana.” Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 41 (1998): 173–174.

Calzado–Flores, C., J. Verde–Star, G. Lozano–Garza, and J.J. Segura–Luna. “Preliminary Acute Toxicological Study of Castela texana.” Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 41 (1998): 77–78.

Calzado–Flores, C., J. Verde–Star, M. Morales–Vallarta, and J.J. Segura–Luna. “Possible Inhibition of Entamoeba invadens Encystation by Castela texana.” Archives of Medical Research 31 (2000): S196–S197.

Cudweed

Caceresa, Armando, Alma V. Alvareza, Ana E. Ovandoa, and Blanca E. Samayoa. “Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases. 1. Screening of 68 Plants Against Gram–Positive Bacteria.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 31, 2 (1991): 193–208.

Rojas, Gabriela, Juan Lévaro, Jaime Tortoriello, and Victor Navarro. “Antimicrobial Evaluation of Certain Plants Used in Mexican Traditional Medicine For the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74 (2001): 97–101.

Villagómez–Ibarra, J. Roberto, Maricruz Sánchez, Ofelia Espejo, Armida Zúniga–Estrada, J. Martín Torres–Valencia, and Pedro Joseph–Nathan. “Antimicrobial Activity of Three Mexican Gnaphalium Species.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 692–694.

Cypress

Homer, K.A., F. Manji, and D. Beighton. “Inhibition of Peptidase and Glycosidase Activities of Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Bacteroides Intermedius and Treponema Denticola by Plant Extracts.” Journal of Clinical Periodontology 19, 5 (1992): 305–310.

Lopéz, L., M.A. Villavicencio, A. Albores, M. Martínez, J. de la Garza, J. Meléndez–Zajgla, and V. Maldonado. “Cupressus Lusitanica (Cupressaceae) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 80 (2002): 115–120.

Pauly, Ginette, Abdelhamid Yani, Louis Piovetti, and Colette Bernard–Dagen. “Volatile Constituients of the Leaves of Cupressus Sempervirens.” Phytochemistry 22, 4 (1983): 957–959.

Piovetti, Louis, Abdelhamid Yani, Georges Combaut, and Anne Diara. “Waxes of Cupressus Dupreziana and Cupressus Sempervirens.” Phytochemistry 20, 5 (1981): 1135–1136.

Ponce–Macotela, M., I. Navarro–Alegria, M.N. Martinez–Gordillo, R. and Alvarez–Chacon. “In Vitro Effect Against Giardia of 14 Plant Extracts.” Revista De Investigacion Clinica 46, 5 (1994): 343–347.

Datura

Abena, A.A., L.M. Miguel, A. Mouanga, Th. Hondi Assah, and M. Diatewa. “Evaluation of Analgesic Effect of Datura Fastuosa Leaves and Seed Extracts.” Fitoterapia 74 (2003): 486–488.

Eftekhar, Fereshteh, Morteza Yousefzadi, and V. Tafakori. “Antimicrobial Activity of Datura Innoxia and Datura Stramonium.” Fitoterapia 76 (2005): 118– 120.

Evens, William C. and Aim–On Somanabandhl. “Alkoloids of Datura Discolor.” Phytochemistry 13 (1974): 304–305.

Gnanamani, A., K. Shanmuga Priya, N. Radhakrishnan, and Mary Babu. “Antibacterial Activity of Two Plant Extracts on Eight Burn Pathogens.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86 (2003): 59–61.

Griffin, William J. and G. David Lin. “Chemotaxonomy and Geographical Distribution of Tropane Alkaloids.” Phytochemistry 53 (2000): 623–637.

Miraldia, Elisabetta, Alessandra Masti, Sara Ferri, and Ida Barni Comparini. “Distribution of Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine in Datura Stramonium.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 644–648

Pate, David W. and John E. Averett. “Flavonoids of Datura.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14, 6 (1986): 647–649.

Priya, K. Shanmuga, A. Gnanamani, N. Radhakrishnan, and Mary Babu. “Healing Potential of Datura Alba on Burn Wounds in Albino Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (2002): 193–199.

Rajesh, G.L. Sharma. “Studies on Antimycotic Properties of Datura Metel.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 80 (2002): 193–197.

Desert Barberry

Ivanovska, N. and S. Philipov. “Study on the Anti–Inflammatory Action of Berberis Vulgaris Root Extract, Alkaloid Fractions and Pure Alkaloids.” International Journal Of Immunopharmacology 18,10 (1996): 553–561.

Janbaz, K.H. and A.H. Gilani. “Studies on Preventive and Curative Effects of Berberine on Chemical–Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rodents.” Fitoterapia 71 (2000): 25–33.

Ji, Xiuhong, Yi Li, Huwei Liu, Yuning Yan, and Jiashi Li. “Determination of the Alkaloid Content in Different Parts of some Mahonia Plants by HPCE.” Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae 74 (2000): 387–391.

Khin–Maung–U and Nwe–Nwe–Wai. “Effect of Berberine on Enterotoxin–Induced Intestinal Fluid Accumulation in Rats.” J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 10, 4 (1992): 201–204.

Kostalova, D., A. Kardosova, and V. Hajnicka. “Effect of Mahonia Aquifolium Stem Bark Crude Extract and One of its Polysaccharide Components on Production of IL–8.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 802–806.

Sack, R.B. and J.L. Froehlich. “Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Secretory Response of Vibrio Cholerae and Escherichia Coli Enterotoxins.” Infect Immun 35, 2 (1982): 471–475.

Shamsa, F., A. Ahmadiani, and R. Khosrokhavar. “Antihistaminic and Anticholinergic Activity of Barberry Fruit (Berberis Vulgaris) in the Guinea–Pig Ileum.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64 (1999): 161–166

Sohni, Y.R., P. Kaimal, and R.M. Bhatt. “The Antiamoebic Effect of a Crude Drug Formulation of Herbal Extracts Against Entamoeba Histolytica In Vitro and in Vivo.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 45, 1 (1995): 43–52.

Sohni, Youvraj R. and Ranjan M. Bhatt. “Activity of a Crude Extract Formulation in Experimental Hepatic Amoebiasis and in Immunomodulation Studies.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54 (1996): 119–124.

Stermitz, F.R., J. Tawara–Matsuda, P. Lorenz, P. Mueller, L. Zenewicz, and K. Lewis. “5’–Methoxyhydnocarpin–D and Pheophorbide A: Berberis Species Components That Potentiate Berberine Growth Inhibition of Resistant Staphylococcusaureus.” Journal of Natural Products 63, 8 (2000): 1146–1149.

Stermitz, Frank R., Teresa D. Beeson, Paul J. Mueller, Jen–Fang Hsiang, and Kim Lewis. “Staphylococcus Aureus MDR Effux Pump Inhibitors from a Berberis and a Mahonia (Sensu Strictu) Species.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 29 (2001): 793–798.

Yesilada, Erdem and Esra Küpeli. Berberis Crataegina DC. “Root Exhibits Potent Anti–Inflammatory, Analgesic and Febrifuge Effects in Mice and Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002): 237–248.

Desert Cotton

Bai, Junping and Yuliang Shi. “Inhibition of T–Type Ca2+ Currents in Mouse Spermatogenic Cells by Gossypol, an Antifertility Compound.” European Journal of Pharmacology 440 (2002): 1–6.

Coutinho, Elsimar Metzker. “Gossypol: A Contraceptive for Men.” Contraception 65 (2002): 259–263.

Coutinho, Elsimar M., Célia Athayde, Gabriel Atta, Zhi–Ping Gut, Zhen–Wen Chen, Guo–Wei Sang, Edward Emuveyan, Adeyemi O. Adekunle, Japheth Mati, Joseph Otubu, Marcus M. Reidenberg, and Sheldon J. Segal. “Gossypol Blood Levels and Inhibition of Spermatogenesis in Men Taking Gossypol as a Contraceptive.” Contraception 61 (2000): 61–67.

Fiorini, Céline, Anne Tilloy–Ellul, Stephan Chevalier, Claude Charuel, and Georges Pointis. “Sertoli Cell Junctional Proteins as Early Targets for Different Classes of Reproductive Toxicants.” Reproductive Toxicology 18 (2004): 413–421.

Hedin, P. A., A.C. Thompson, R.C. Gueldner, and J.P. Minyard. “Constituents of the Cotton Bud.” Phytochemistry 10 (1971): 3316–3318.

Lane, Harry C. and Michael F. Schuster. “Condensed Tannins of Cotton Leaves.” Phytochemistry 20 (1981): 425–427.

Waage, Susan K. and Paul A. Hedin. “Biologically Active Flavonoids from Gossypium Arboreum.” Phytochemistry 23, 2 (1984): 2509–2511.

Desert Lavender

Pandey, V. N. and N. K. Dubey. “Antifungal Potential of Leaves and Essential Oils from Higher Plants Against Soil Phytopathogens.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26, 10 (1994): 1417–1421.

Kuhnt, M., A. Probstle, H. Rimpler, R. Bauer, and M. Heinrich. “Biological and Pharmacological Activities and Further Constituents of Hyptis Verticellata.” Planta Medica 61, 3 (1995): 227–232.

Bispo, M.D., R.H.V. Mourao, E.M. Franzotti, K.B.R. Bomfim, M. de F. Arrigoni–Blank, M.P.N. Moreno, M. Marchioro, and A.R. Antoniolli. “Antinociceptive and Antiedematogenic Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Hyptis Pectinata Leaves in Experimental Animals.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76 (2001): 81–86.

Asekun, Olayinka Taiwo, Olusegun Ekundayo, and Bolanle A. Adeniyi. “Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Hyptis Suaveolens Leaves.” Fitoterapia 70 (1999): 440–442.

Rojas, A., Hernandez, L., Pereda–Miranda, R., and Mata, R. “Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Drug Extracts and Pure Natural Products from Mexican Medicinal Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35, 3 (1992): 275–83.

Desert Milkweed

Chiu, F.C. and T.R. Watson. “Conformational Factors in Cardiac Glycoside Activity.” Journal of Medical Chemistry 28, 4 (1985): 509–515.

Giordani, R., J. Moulin–Traffort, and P. Regli. “Glycosidic Activities of Candida Albicans After Action of Vegetable Latex Saps (Natural Antifungals) and Isoconazole (Synthetic Antifungal).” Mycoses 34, 1–2 (1991): 67–73.

Radford, D.J., A.D. Gillies, J.A. Hinds, and P. Duffy. “Naturally Occurring Cardiac Glycosides.” Medical Journal of Australia 144, 10 (1986): 540–544.

Sady, Michael B. and James N. Seiber. “Chemical Differences Between Species of Asclepias from the Intermountain Region of North America.” Phytochemistry 30, 9 (1991): 3001–3003.

Seiber, James N., Carolyn J. Nelson, and S. Mark Lee. “Cardenolides in the Latex and Leaves of Seven Asclepias Species and Calotropis Procrea.” Phytochemistry 21, 9 (1982): 2343–2348.

Elder

Ahmadiani, A., M. Fereidoni, S. Semnanian, M. Kamalinejad, and S. Saremi. “Antinociceptive and Anti–inflammatory Effects of Sambucus Ebulus Rhizome Extract in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1998): 229–235.

Bergner, Paul. “Elderberry (Sambucus Nigra, Canadensis).” Medical Herbalism 8, 4 (1996–1997).

Buhrmester, Rex A., John E. Ebinger, and David S. Seigler. “Sambunigrin and Cyanogenic Variability in Populations of Sambucus Canadensis L. (Caprifoliaceae).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28 (2000): 689–695.

Caceres, Armando, Brenda R. Lopez, Melba A. Giron, and Heidi Logemann. “Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Dermatophytic Infections. 1. Screening for Antimycotic Activity of 44 Plant Extracts.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 31 (1991): 263–276.

Caceres, Armando, Orlando Cano, Blanca Samayoa and Leila Aguilar. “Plants Used in Guatemala for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders. 1. Screening of 84 Plants Against Enterobacteria.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 30 (1990): 55–73.

Hernández, Nancy E., M.L. Tereschuk, and L.R. Abdala. “Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants from Tafí del Valle (Tucumán, Argentina).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000): 317–322.

Losey, Robert J., Nancy Stenholm, Patty Whereat–Phillips, and Helen Vallianatos. “Exploring the Use of Red Elderberry (Sambucus Racemosa) Fruit on the Southern Northwest Coast of North America.” Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (2003): 695–707.

McCutcheon, A.R., T.E. Roberts, E. Gibbions, S.M. Ellis, L.A. Babiuk, R.E.W. Hancock, and G.H.N. Towers. “Antiviral Screening of British Columbian Medicinal Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49 (1995): 101–110.

Elephant Tree

Noguera, B., E. Dıaz, M.V. Garcıa, A. San Feliciano, J.L. López–Perez, and A. Israel. “Anti–Inflammatory Activity of Leaf Extract and Fractions of Bursera Simaruba (L.) Sarg (Burseraceae).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 92 (2004): 129–133.

Sosa, S., M.J. Balick, R. Arvigo, R.G. Esposito, C. Pizza, G. Altinier, and A. Tubaro. “Screening of the Topical Anti–Inflammatory Activity of some Central American Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002): 211–215.

Rosas–Arreguín, P., Pablo Arteaga–Nieto, Ramón Reynoso–Orozco, Julio C. Villagómez–Castro a, M. Sabanero–López, Ana M. Puebla–Pérez, Carlos Calvo–Méndez. “Bursera Fagaroides, Effect of an Ethanolic Extract on Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC) Activity In Vitro and on the Growth of Entamoeba Histolytica.” Experimental Parasitology 119 (2008): 398–402.

Mormon Tea

Feresin, Gabriela Egly, Alejandro Tapia, Silvia N. López, and Susana A. Zacchino. “Antimicrobial Activity of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine of San Juan Province, Argentine.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78 (2001): 103–107.

Gurni, A. Alberto and Marcelo L. Wagner. “Proanthocyanidins from some Argentine Species of Ephedra.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 12, 3 (1984): 319–320.

Konno, Chohachi, Takashi Taguchi, Misturu Tamada, and Hiroshi Hikino. “Ephedroxane, Anti–Inflammatory Principle of Ephedra Herbs.” Phytochemistry 18 (1979): 697–698.

Filaree

Saleh, Nabiel A.M., Zeinab A.R. El–Karemy, Ragaa M.A.. Mansour, and Abdel–Aziz A. Fayed. “A Chemosystematic Study of some Geraniaceae.” Phytochemistry 22, 11 (1983): 2501–2505.

Sroka, Z., H. Rzadkowska–Bodalska, and I. Mazol. “Antioxidative Effect of Extracts from Erodium Cicutarium L.” Z Naturforsch 49, 11–12 (1994):881–884.

Zielinska–Jenczylik, J., A. Sypula, E. Budko, and H. Rzadkowska–Bodalska. “Interferonogenic and Antiviral Effect of Extracts from Erodium Cicutarium. II. Modulatory Activity of Erodium Cicutarium Extracts.” Arch Immunol Ther Exp (WARSZ) 36, 5 (1988): 527–36.

Golden Smoke

Abbasoglu, U., B. Sener, Y. Gunay, and H. Temizer. “Antimicrobial Activity of some Isoquinoline Alkaloids.” Archiv Der Pharmazie 324, 6 (1991): 379–80.

Adams, Michael, Francine Gmunder, and Matthias Hamburger. “Plants Traditionally Used in Age Related Brain Disorders—A Survey of Ethnobotanical Literature.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113 (2007): 363–381.

Chang, Cheng–Kuei and Mao–Tsun Lin. “DL–Tetrahydropalmatine May Act Through Inhibition of Amygdaloid Release of Dopamine to Inhibit an Epileptic Attack in Rats.” Neuroscience Letters 307 (2001): 163–166.

Chernevskaja, N.I., O.A. Krishtal, and A.Y. Valeyev. “Inhibitions of the GABA–Induced Currents of Rat Neurons by the Alkaloid Isocoryne from the Plant Corydalis Pseudoadunca.” Toxicon 28 (1990): 727–730.

Ito, Chihiro, Toyoko Mizuno, Tian–Shung Wua, and Hiroshi Furukawa. “Alkaloids from Corydalis.” Phytochemistry 29 (1990): 2044–2045.

Kleber, E., W. Schneider, H.L. Schafer, and E.F. Elstner. “Modulation of Key Reactions of the Catecholamine Metabolism by Extracts from Eschscholtzia Californica and Corydalis Cava.” Arzneimittelforschung 45, 2 (1995): 127–31.

Lin, Mao–Tsun, Jhi–Joung Wang, and Ming–Shing Young. “The Protective Effect of DL–tetrahydropalmatine Against the Development of Amygdala Kindling Seizures in Rats.” Neuroscience Letters 320 (2002): 113–116.

Ma, Wei guang, Yukiharu Fukushi, and Satoshi Tahara. “Fungitoxic Alkaloids from Hokkaido Corydalis species.” Fitoterapia 70 (1999): 25–265.

Hopbush

Amabeoku, G.J., P. Eagles, G. Scott, I. Mayeng, and E. Springfield. “Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects of Dodonaea Angustifolia and Salvia Africana–Lutea.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75 (2001): 117–124.

Getie, M., T. Gebre–Mariam, R. Rietz, C. Hohne, C. Huschka, M. Schmidtke, A. Abate, and R.H.H. Neubert. “Evaluation of the Anti–Microbial and Anti–Inflammatory Activities of the Medicinal Plants Dodonaea Viscosa, Rumex Nervosus and Rumex Abyssinicus.” Fitoterapia 74 (2003): 139–143.

Heerden, F.R. van, A.M. Viljoen, and B–E. van Wyk. “The Major Flavonoid of Dodonaea Angustifolia.” Fitoterapia 71 (2000): 602–604.

Rojas, Alejandra, Lourdes Hernandez, Rogelio Pereda–Miranda, and Rachel Mata. “Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Drug Extracts and Pure Natural Products from Mexican Medicinal Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 35, 3 (1992): 275–283.

Sachdev, Kusum and Dinesh K. Kulshreshtha. “Viscosol, a C–3–Prenylated Flavonoid from Dodonaea Viscosa.” Phytochemistry 25, 8 (1986): 1967–1969.

Wagner, Hildebert, Christine Ludwig, Lutz Grotjahn, and Mohd S.Y. Khan. “Biologically Active Saponins from Dodonaea Viscosa.” Phytochemistry 26 (1987): 697–701.

Jojoba

Boven, M. Van, R. Busson, M. Cokelaere, G. Flo, and E. Decuypere. “4–Demethyl Simmondsin from Simmondsia Chinensis.” Industrial Crops and Products 12 (2000): 203–208.

Cappillino, Patrick, Robert Kleiman, and Claudia Botti. “Composition of Chilean Jojoba Seeds.” Industrial Crops and Products 17 (2003): 177–182.

Ham, Roeline, Sabien Vermaut, Gerda Flo, Marnix Cokelaere, and Eddy Decuypere. “Digestive Performance of Dogs Fed a Jojoba Meal Supplemented Diet.” Industrial Crops and Products 12 (2000): 159–163.

York, David A., Lori Singer, Julian Oliver, Thomas P. Abbott, and George A. Bray. “The Detrimental Effect of Simmondsin on Food Intake and Body Weight of Rats.” Industrial Crops and Products 12 (2000): 183–192.

Juniper

Adams, Robert P. “Systematics of the One Seeded Juniperus of the Eastern Hemisphere Based on Leaf Essential Oils and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28 (2000): 529–543.

Adams, Robert P., Ernst Von Rudloff, and Lawrence Hogge. “Chemosystematic Studies of the Western North American Junipers Based on their Volatile Oils.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11, 3 (1983): 189–193.

Adams, Robert P., Thomas A. Zanoni, and Lawrence Hogge. “Analyses of the Volatile Leaf Oils of Juniperus Deppeana and its Infraspecific Taxa: Chemosystematic Implications.” Biochemical Systemics and Ecoclogy 12, 1 (1984): 23–27.

Adams, Robert P., Thomas A. Zanoni, Ernst Von Rudloff, and Lawrence Hogge. “The South–Western USA and Northern Mexico One–seeded Junipers: their Volatile Oils and Evolution.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 9, 2/3 (1981): 93–96.

Karaman, I., F. Sahin, M. Güllüce, H. Öðütçü, M. Sengül, and A. Adigüzel. “Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous and Methanol Extracts of Juniperus Oxycedrus L.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85 (2003): 231–235.

San Feliciano, A., M. Gordaliza, J.M. Miguel del Corral, M.A. Castro, M.D. Garcia–Gravalos, and P. Ruiz–Lazaro. “Antineoplastic and Antiviral Activities of some Cyclolignans.” Planta Med 59, 3 (1993): 246–249.

Tunón, H., C. Olavsdotter, and L. Bohlin. “Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory Activity of some Swedish Medicinal Plants. Inhibition of Prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF–Induced Exocytosis.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 (1995): 61–76.

Kidneywood

Alvarez, Laura and Guillermo Delgado. “C– and O–Glycosyl–á–Hydroxydihydrochalcones from Eysenhardtia Polystachya.” Phytochemistry 50 (1999): 681–687.

Burns, Duncan T., Barry G. Dalgarno, Paul E. Gargan, and James Grimshaw. “An Isoflavone and a Coumestan from Eysenhardtia Polystachya–Robert Boyle’s Fluorescent Acid–base Indicator.” Phytochemistry 23, 1 (1984): 167–169.

Wächtera, Gerald A., Joseph J. Hoffmann, Todd Furbacher, Mary E. Blake, and Barbara N. Timmermann. “Antibacterial and Antifungal Flavanones from Eysenhardtia Texana.” Phytochemistry 52 (1999): 1469–1471.

Leadwort

Abdul, Kamal Mohammed and Rao Pinninti Ramchender. “Modulatory Effect of Plumbagin (5–Hydroxy–2–Methyl1–1,4–Naphthoquinone) on Macrophage Functions in BALB/c Mice. 1. Potentiation of Macrophage Bactericidal Activity.” Immunopharmacology 30 (1995): 231–236.

Ahmad, Iqbal, Zafar Mehmood, and Faiz Mohammad. “Screening of Some Indian Medicinal Plants for their Antimicrobial Properties.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 62 (1998): 183–193.

Bhattacharyya, J. and Vicente R. De Carvalho. “Epi–Isoshinanolone from Plumbago Scandens.” Phytochemistry 25, 3 (1986): 764–765.

Reddy, J. Suresh, P. Rajeswara Rao, and Mada S. Reddy. “Wound Healing Effects of Heliotropium Indicum, Plumbago Zeylanicum and Acalypha Indica in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002): 249–251.

Solomon, F. Emerson, A.C. Sharada, and P. Uma Devi. “Toxic Effects of Crude Root Extract of Plumbago Rosea (Rakta chitraka) on Mice and Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 38 (1993): 79–84.

Vijayakumar, R., M. Senthilvelan, R. Ravindran, and R. Sheela Devi. “Plumbago Zeylanica Action on Blood Coagulation Profile with and without Blood Volume Reduction.” Vascular Pharmacology 45 (2006): 86–90.

Wang, Yuan–Chuen and Tung–Liang Huang. “High–Performance Liquid Chromatography for Quantification of Plumbagin, an Anti–Helicobacter Pylori Compound of Plumbago Zeylanica L.” Journal of Chromatography A, 1094 (2005): 99–104.

Mallow

Billeter, Martin, Beat Meier, and Otto Sticher. “8–Hydroxyflavonoid Glucuronides from Malva Sylvestris.” Phytochemistry 30, 3 (1991): 987–990.

Classen, B. and W. Blaschek. “High Molecular Weight Acidic Polysaccharides from Malva Sylvestris and Alcea Rosea.” Planta Med 64, 7 (1998): 640–644.

Giron, Lidia M., Virginia Freire, Aida Alonzo, and Armando Caceres. “Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Flora Used by the Caribs of Guatemala.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 34 (1991): 113–I87.

Gonda, R., M. Tomoda, N. Shimizu, and M. Kanari. “Characterization of an Acidic Polysaccharide from the Seeds of Malva Verticillata Stimulating the Phagocytic Activity of Cells of the RES.” Planta Med 56, 1 (1990): 73–76.

Gonda, Ryoko, Masashi Tomoda, and Noriko Shimizu. “Structure and Anticomplementary Activity of an Acidic Polysaccharide from the Leaves of Malva Sylvestris var. Mauritiana.” Carbohydrate Research 198 (1990): 323–329.

Grierson, D.S. and A.J. Afolayan. “Antibacterial Activity of some Indigenous Plants Used for the Treatment of Wounds in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 (1999): 103–106.

Schmidgall, J., E. Schnetz, and A. Hensel. “Evidence for Bioadhesive Effects of Polysaccharides and Polysaccharide–Containing Herbs in an ex vivo Bioadhesion Assay on Buccal Membranes.” Planta Med 66, 1 (2000): 48–53.

Shimizu, N., H. Asahara, M. Tomoda, R. Gonda, and N. Ohara. “Constituents of Seed of Malva Verticillata. VII. Structural Features and Reticuloendothelial System–Potentiating Activity of MVS–I, the Major Neutral Polysaccharide.” Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 39, 10 (1991): 2630–2632.

Wang, Xing and Greg J. Bunkers. “Potent Heterologous Antifungal Proteins from Cheeseweed (Malva parviflora).” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 279 (2000): 669–673.

Manzanita

Dykes, Gary A., Ryszard Amarowicz, and Ronald B. Pegg. “Enhancement of Nisin Antibacterial Activity by a Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva–ursi) Leaf Extract.” Food Microbiology 20 (2003): 211–216.

Grases, F., G. Melero, A. Costa–Bauza, R. Prieto, and J.G. March. “Urolithiasis and Phytotherapy.” International Urology and Nephrology 26, 5 (1994): 505–511

Marsh Fleabane

Domínguez, Xorge Alejandro and Angeles Zamudio. “b–Amyrin Acetate and Campesterol from Pluchea Odorata.” Phytochemistry 11 (1972): 1179.

Pérez–García, Francisco, Esther Marín, Salvador Canigueral, and Tomás Adzet. “Anti–Inflammatory Action of Pluchea Sagittalis: Involvemnet of an Antioxidant Mechanism.” Life Sciences 59, 24 (1996): 2033–2040.

Reyes–Trejo, Benito and Pedro Joseph–Nathan. “Modhephene derivatives from Pluchea Sericea.” Phytochemistry 51 (1999): 75–78.

Souza, G. Coelho de, A.P.S. Haas, G.L. von Poser, E.E.S. Schapoval, and E. Elisabetsky. “Ethnopharmacological Studies of Antimicrobial Remedies in the South of Brazil.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 90 (2004): 135–143.

Mesquite

Adikwu, M.U., O.K. Udeala, and F.C. Ohiri. “Emulsifying Properties of Prosopis African Gum. S.T.P.” Pharma Sciences 4, 4 (1994): 298–304.

Aqeel, A., Khursheed, A.K., Viqaruddin, A., and Sabiha, Q. “Antimicrobial Activity of Julifloricine Isolated from Prosopis Juliflora.” Arzneimittel Forschung 39, 6 (1989): 652–655.

Mimosa

Pavón, Numa P. and Oscar Briones. “Phenological Patterns of Nine Perennial Plants in an Intertropical Semi–Arid Mexican Scrub.” Journal of Arid Environments 49 (2001): 265–277.

Yusuf, Umi Kalsom, Noriha Abdullah, Baki Bakar, Khairuddin Itam, Faridah Abdullah, and Mohd Aspollah Sukari. “Flavonoid Glycosides in the Leaves of Mimosa Species.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 (2003): 443–445.

Mountain Marigold

Abdala, Lidia Rosa. “Chemosystematic Interpretations of the Flavonoids Identified in Tagetes Gracilis (Asteraceae).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology (2003).

Abdala, Lidia Rosa. “Flavonoids of the Aerial Parts from Tagetes Lucida (Asteraceae).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 27 (1999): 753–754.

Heras, B. de las, K. Slowing, J. Benedí, E. Carretero, T. Ortega, C. Toledo, P. Bermejo, I. Iglesias, M.J. Abad, P. Gómez–Serranillos, P.A. Liso, A. Villar, and X. Chiriboga. “Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Ecuador.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61 (1998): 161–166.

Kruger, C.L., M. Murphy, Z. DeFreitas, F. Pfannkuch, and J. Heimbach. “An Innovative Approach to the Determination of Safety for a Dietary Ingredient Derived from a New Source: Case Study Using a Crystalline Lutein Product.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 40 (2002): 1535–1549.

Piccaglia, Roberta, Mauro Marotti, and Silvia Grandi. “Lutein and Lutein Ester Content in Different Types of Tagetes Patula and T. Erecta.” Industrial Crops and Products 8 (1998): 45–51.

Night Blooming Cereus

Knight, John C. and George R. Pettit. “Arizona Flora: The Sterols of Peniocereus Greggii.” Phytochemistry 8 (1969): 477–482.

Ocotillo

Domínguez, X. A., J. O. Velasquez, and D. Guerra. “Extractives from the Flowers of Fouquieria Splendens.” Phytochemistry 11, 9 (1972): 2888.

Jensen, Søren Rosendal and Bent Juhl Nielsen. “Iridoid Glucosides in Fouquieriaceae.” Phytochemistry 21, 7 (1982): 1623–1629.

Scogin, Ron. “Leaf Phenolics of the Fouquieriaceae.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 6, 4 (1978): 297–298.

Passionflower

Andersen, Lise, Anne Adsersen and Jerzy W. Jaroszewski. “Cyanogenesis of Passiflora Foetida.” Phytochemistry 47, 6 (1998): 1049–1050.

Carlini, E.A. “Plants and the Central Nervous System.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (2003): 501–512.

Dhawan, Kamaldeep and Anupam Sharma. “Antitussive Activity of the Methanol Extract of Passiflora Incarnata Leaves.” Fitoterapia 73 (2002): 397–399.

Dhawan, Kamaldeep and Anupam Sharma. “Prevention of Chronic Alcohol and Nicotine–Induced Azospermia, Sterility and Decreased Libido, by a Novel Tri–Substituted Benzoflavone Moiety from Passiflora Incarnata Linneaus In Healthy Male Rats.” Life Sciences 71 (2002): 3059–3069.

Dhawan, Kamaldeep, Suresh Kumar, and Anupam Sharma. “Anxiolytic Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Passiflora Incarnata.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 922–926.

Dhawan, Kamaldeep, Suresh Kumar, and Anupam Sharma. “Comparative Biological Activity Study on Passiflora Incarnata and P. Edulis.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 698–702.

Dhawan, Kamaldeep, Suresh Kumar, and Anupam Sharma. “Suppression of Alcohol–Cessation–Oriented Hyper–Anxiety by the Benzoflavone Moiety of Passiflora Incarnata Linneaus in Mice.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002): 239–244.

Jaroszewski, Jerzy W., Elin S. Olafsdottir, Petrine Wellendorph, Jette Christensen, Henrik Franzyk, Brinda Somanadhan, Bogdan A. Budnik, Lise Bolt Jørgensen, and Vicki Clausen. “Cyanohydrin Glycosides of Passiflora: Distribution Pattern, a Saturated Cyclopentane Derivative from P. Guatemalensis, and Formation of Pseudocyanogenic a–hydroxyamides as Isolation Artifacts.” Phytochemistry 59 (2002): 501–511.

Seigler, David S., Guido F. Pauli, Adolf Nahrstedt, and Rosemary Leen. “Cyanogenic Allosides and Glucosides from Passiflora Edulis and Carica Papaya.” Phytochemistry 60 (2002): 873–882.

Wolfman, Claudia, Hatdee Viola, Alejandro Paladini, Federico Dajas, and Jorge H. Medina. “Possible Anxiolytic Effects of Chrysin, a Central Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand Isolated from Passiflora Coerulea.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 47 (1994).

Penstemon

Franzyk, Henrik, Soren Rosendal Jensen, and Frank R. Stermitz. “Iridoid Glucosides from Penstemon Secundiflorus and Grandiflorus: Revised Structure of 10–Hydroxy–8–Epihastatoside.” Phytochemistry 49, 7 (1998): 2025–2030.

Stermitz, Frank R., Andrei Blokhin, Christina S. Poley and Robert E. Krull. “Iridoid Glycosides of Additional Penstemon Species.” Phytochemistry 37, 5 (1994): 1283–1286.

Wysokinska, H. and Z. Skrzypek. “Studies on Iridoids of Tissue Cultures of Penstemon Serrulatus: Isolation and their Antiproliferative Properties.” J Nat Prod 55, 1 (1992): 58–63.

Periwinkle

Avijit Banerji and Manas Chakrabarty. “Lochvinerine: a New Indole Alkaloid of Vinca Major.” Phytochemistry 13 (1974): 2309–2312.

Avijit Banerji and Manas Chakrabarty. “Majvinine: a New Indole Alkaloid of Vinca Major.” Phytochemistry 16 (1977): 1124–1125.

Rahman, Atta–ur, Abida Sultana, Farzana Nighat, M. Khalid Bhatti, Semra Kurucu, and Murat Kartal. “Alkaloids from Vinca Major.” Phytochemistry 38, 4 (1995): 1057–1061.

Pipevine

Houghton, Peter J. and Ibironke M. Osibogun. “Flowering Plants Used Against Snakebite.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 39 (1993): l–29.

Moreno, J.J. “Effect of Aristolochic Acid on Arachidonic Acid Cascade and In Vivo Models of Inflammation.” Imrnunopharmacology, 26 (1993): 1–9.

Mors, Walter B., Maria Celia do Nascimento, Bettina M. Ruppelt Pereira, Nuno Alvares Pereira. “Plant Natural Products Active Against Snake Bite the Molecular Approach.” Phytochemistry 55 (2000): 627–642.

Shaohua, Zhu, Sunnassee Ananda, Yuan Ruxia, Ren Liang, Chen Xiaorui, and Liu Liang. “Fatal Renal Failure Due to the Chinese Herb ‘‘GuanMu Tong’’ (Aristolochia Manshuriensis): Autopsy Findings and Review of Literature.” Forensic Science International 199 (2010): e5–e7.

Tian–Shung, W, Amooru G. Damu, Chung–Ren Su, and Ping–Chung–Ko. “Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Aristolochia Species.” Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 32 (xxxx): 855–1018.

Poreleaf

Guillet, Gabriel, André Bélanger, and John Arnason. “Volitile Monoterpenes in Porophyllum Gracile and P. Ruderale (Asteraceae): Identification, Localization and Insecticidal Synergism with á–Terthienyl.” Phytochemistry 49, 2 (1998): 423–429.

Prickly Pear

Budinsky, A., R. Wolfram, A. Oguogho, Y. Efthimiou, Y. Stamatopoulos, and H. Sinzinger. “Regular Ingestion of Opuntia Robusta Lowers Oxidation Injury.” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 65, 1 (2001): 45–50.

Bwititi, P., C.T. Musabayane, and C.F.B. Nhachi. “Effects of Opuntia Megacantha on Blood Glucose and Kidney Function in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69 (2000): 247–252.

Frati–Munari, A.C., R. Licona–Quesada, C.R. Araiza–Andraca, R. Lopez–Ledesma, and A. Chavez–Negrete. “Activity of Opuntia Streptacantha in Healthy Individuals With Induced Hyperglycemia.” Archivos de Investigacion Medica 21, 2 (1990): 99–102.

Fernandez–Lopez, Jose A., Luis Almela. “Application of High–Performance Liquid Chromatography to the Characterization of the Betalain Pigments in Prickly Pear Fruits.” Journal of Chromatography A, 913 (2001): 415–420.

Galati, E.M., M.M. Tripodo, A. Trovato, N. Miceli, and M.T. Monforte. “Biological Effect of Opuntia Ficus Indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) Waste Matter Note I: Diuretic Activity.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79 (2002): 17–21.

Galati, E.M., S. Pergolizzi, N. Miceli, M.T. Monforte, and M.M. Tripodo. “Study on the Increment of the Production of Gastric Mucus in Rats Treated with Opuntia Ficus Indica (L.) Mill. Cladodes.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (2002): 229–233.

Loro, J.F., I. del Rio, L. Pérez–Santana. “Preliminary Studies of Analgesic and Anti–inflammatory Properties of Opuntia Dillenii Aqueous Extract.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67 (1999): 213–218.

Meckes–Lozoya, M. and R. Ibanez–Camacho. “Hypoglycemic Activity of Opuntia Streptacantha Throughout Its Annual Cycle.” American Journal of Chinese Medicine 17, 3–4 (1989): 221–224.

Medina–Torres, L., E. Brito–De La Fuente, B. Torrestiana–Sanchez, and R. Katthain. “Rheological Properties of the Mucilage Gum (Opuntia Ficus Indica).” Food Hydrocolloids 14 (2000): 417–424.

Park, E.–H. and M.–J. Chun. “Wound Healing Activity of Opuntia Ficus–Indica.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 165–167.

Park, Eun–Hee, Ja–Hoon Kahng, Sang Hyun Lee, Kuk–Hyun Shin. “An Anti–Inflammatory Principle from Cactus.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 288–290.

Pimienta–Barrios, Eulogio, María Eugenia González del Castillo–Aranda, and Park S. Nobel. “Ecophysiology of a Wild Platyopuntia Exposed to Prolonged Drought.” Environmental and Experimental Botany 47 (2002): 77–86.

Roman–Ramos, R., J.L. Flores–Saenz, and F.J. Alarcon–Aguilar. “Anti–hyperglycemic Effect of some Edible Plants.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 (1995): 25–32.

Prickly Poppy

Bandoni, A.L., F.R. Stermitz, R.V.D. Rondina, and J.D. Coussio. “Alkaloidal Content of Argentine Argemone.” Phytochemistry 14, 8 (1975): 1785–1788.

Stermitz, F.R., R.J. Ito, S.M. Workman and W.M. Klein. “Alkaloids of Argemone Fruticosa and A. Echinata.” Phytochemistry 12, 2 (1973): 381–382.

Husain, Sajid, R. Narsimha, and R. Nageswara Rao. “Separation, Identification and Determination of Sanguinarine in Argemone and Other Adulterated Edible Oils by Reversed–Phase High–Performance Liquid Chromatography.” Journal of Chromatography A, 863 (1999): 123–126.

Shenolikar, I.S., C. Rukmini, K.A.V.R. Krisnamachari, and K. Satayanarayana. “Sanguinarine in the Blood and Urine of Cases of Epidemic Dropsy.” Food and Cosmetics Toxicology 12, 5–6 (1974): 699–702.

Stermitz, Frank R., Don K. Kim and Kenneth A. Lamon. “Alkaloids of Argemone Albiflora, A. Revicornuta, and A. Turnerae.” Phytochemistry 12, 6 (1973): 1355–1357.

Stermitz, Frank R., Joseph R. Stermitz, Thomas A. Zanoni, and John Gillespie. “Alkaloids of Argemone Subintegrifolia and A. Munita.” Phytochemistry 13, 7 (1974): 1151–1153.

Verma, S.K., G. Dev, A.K. Tyagi, S. Goomber, and G.V. Jain. “Argemone Mexicana Poisoning: Autopsy Findings of Two Cases.” Forensic Science International 115 (2001): 135–141.

Puncturevine

Achenbach, Hans, Harald Hübner, Wolfgang Brandta, and Melchior Reitera. “Cardioactive Steroid Saponins and other Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Tribulus Cistoides.” Phytochemistry 35, 6 (1994): 1527–1543.

Ali, N.A. Awadh, W.–D. Jülich, C. Kusnick, and U. Lindequist. “Screening of Yemeni medicinal plants for antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 74 (2001): 173–179.

Anand, R., G.K. Patnaik, D.K. Kulshreshtha, and B.N. Dhawan. “Activity of Certain Fractions of Tribulus Terrestris Fruits Against Experimentally Induced Urolithiasis in Rats.” Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 32, 8 (1994): 548–552.

Bhutani, S. P., S. S. Chibber, and T.R. Seshadri. “Flavonoids of the Fruits and Leaves of Tribulus Terrestris: Constitution of Tribuloside.” Phytochemistry 8, 1 (1969): 299–303.

Gauthaman, K., P.G. Adaikan, and R.N.V. Prasad. “Aphrodisiac Properties of Tribulus Terrestris Extract (Protodioscin) in Normal and Castrated Rats.” Life Sciences 71 (2002): 1385–1396.

Kirby, Andrew J. and Richard Schmidt. “The Antioxidant Activity of Chinese Herbs for Eczema and of Placebo Herbs.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 56 (1997): 103–108.

Lin, Zhi Xiu, J.R.S. Hoult, and Amala Raman. “Sulphorhodamine B Assay for Measuring Proliferation of a Pigmented Melanocyte Cell Line and its Application to the Evaluation of Crude Drugs Used in the Treatment of Vitiligo.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 (1999): 141–150.

Sangeeta, D., H. Sidhu, S.K. Thind, and R. Nath. “Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Oxalate Metabolism in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, 2 (1994): 61–66.

Wu, Tian–Shung, Li–Shian Shi, and Shang–Chu Kuo. “Alkaloids and Other Constituents from Tribulus Terrestris.” Phytochemistry 50 (1999): 1411–1415.

Wang, B., L. Ma, and T. Liu. “406 Cases of Angina Pectoris in Coronary Heart Disease Treated with Saponin of Tribulus Terrestris.” Chung His I Chien Ho Tsa Chih Chinese Journal Of Modern Developments 10, 2 (1990): 68, 85–87.

Wu, G., S. Jiang, F. Jiang, D. Zhu, H. Wu, and S. Jiang. “Steroidal Glycosides from Tribulus terrestris.” Phytochemistry 42, 6 (1996): 1677–1681.

Purple Gromwell

Grases, F., G. Melero, A. Costa–Bauza, R. Prieto, and J.G. March. “Urolithiasis and Phytotherapy.” International Urology and Nephrology 26, 5 (1994): 507–511.

Krenn, L., H. Wiedenfeld, and E. Roeder. “Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Lithospermum Officinale.” Phytochemistry 37, 1 (1994): 275–277.

Singh, Fiza, Dayuan Gao, Mark G. Lebwohl, and Huachen Wei. “Shikonin Modulates Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Human Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells.” Cancer Letters 200 (2003): 115–121.

Weng, X.C., G.Q. Xiang, A.L. Jiang, Y.P Liu, L.L. Wu, X.W. Dong, and S. Duan. “Antioxidant Properties of Components Extracted from Puccoon (Lithospermum Erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.).” Food Chemistry 69 (2000): 143–146.

Ratany

Achenbach, Hans, Wolfgang Utz, Humberto Sánchez V., Elsa M. Guajardo Touché, Juia Verde S., and Xorge A. Domínguez. “Neolignans, Nor–neolignans and Other Compounds from Roots of Krameria Grayi.” Phytochemistry 39, 2 (1995): 413–415.

Guevara, J.M., J. Chumpitaz, and E. Valencia. “The In Vitro Action of Plants on Vibrio Cholerae.” Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru 14, 1 (1994): 27–31.

Scholz, E. and H. Rimpler. “Proanthocyanidins from Krameria Triandra Root.” Planta Medica 55, 4 (1989): 379–384.

Rayweed

Chhabra, B.R., J.C. Kohli, and R.S. Dhillon. “Three Ambrosanolides from Parthenium Hysterophorus.” Phytochemistry 52 (1999): 1331–1334.

Coates, Wayne, Ricardo Ayerza, and Damian Ravetta. “Guayule Rubber and Latex Content – Seasonal Variations Over Time in Argentina.” Industrial Crops and Products 14 (2001): 85–91.

Maatooq, Galal T., Ali A. H. El Gamal, Todd R. Furbacher, Tracy L. Cornuelle, and Joseph J. Hoffmann. “Triterpenoids from Parthenium Argentatum x P. Tomentosa.” Phytochemistry 60 (2002): 755–760.

Proksch, Peter, H. Mohan Behl, and Eloy Rodriguez. “Detection and Quantification of Guayulins A and B in Parthenium Argentatum (Guayule) and F, Hybrids by High–Performance Liquid Chromatography.” Journal of Chromatography 2, 13 (1981): 345–348.

Rodriguez, Eloy, Hirosuke Yoshioka, and Tom J. Mabry. “The Sesquiterpene Lactone Chemistry of the Genus Parthenium (Compositae).” Phytochemistry 10 (1971): 1145–1154

Red Betony

Bilusic´ Vundac, Vjera et al. “Content of polyphenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of some Stachys taxa.” Food Chemistry 104 (2007): 1277–1281.

Háznagy–Radnai, E. et al. “Cytotoxic activities of Stachys species.” Fitoterapia 79 (2008): 595–597.

Tundis, Rosa et al. “Phytochemical and biological studies of Stachys species in relation to chemotaxonomy: A review”. Phytochemistry 102 (2014): 7–39.

Sage

Al–Yousuf, M.H., A.K. Bashir, B.H. Ali, M.O.M. Tanira, and G. Blunden. “Some Effects of Salvia Aegyptiaca L. on the Central Nervous System in Mice.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002): 121–127.

Baricevic, D., S. Sosa, R. Della Loggia, A. Tubaro, B. Simonovska, A. Krasna, and A. Zupancic. “Topical Anti–Inflammatory Activity of Salvia Officinalis L. Leaves: The Relevance of Ursolic Acid.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75 (2001): 125–132.

Gali–Muhtasib, Hala, Christo Hilan, and Carla Khater. “Traditional Uses of Salvia Libanotica (East Mediterranean Sage) and the Effects of its Essential Oils.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71 (2000): 513–520.

Vardar–Unlu, Gülhan, Moschos Polissiou, and Atalay Sokmen. “Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Activities of the Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Salvia Cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and Salvia Multicaulis (Vahl).” Food Chemistry 84 (2004): 519–525.

Lu, Yinrong and L. Yeap Foo. “Polyphenolics of Salvia—A Review.” Phytochemistry 59 (2002): 117–140.

Miliauskas, G., P.R. Venskutonis, and T.A. van Beek. “Screening of Radical Scavenging Activity of some Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Extracts.” Food Chemistry 85 (2004) 231–237.

Perry, Nicolette S.L., Chloe Bollen, Elaine K. Perry, and Clive Ballard. “Salvia for Dementia Therapy: Review of Pharmacological Activity and Pilot Tolerability Clinical Trial.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (2003): 651–659.

Radulescu, Valeria, Silvia Chiliment, and Eliza Oprea. “Capillary Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Volatile and Semi–Volatile Compounds of Salvia Officinalis.” Journal of Chromatography A, 1027 (2004): 121–126.

Savelev, S., E. Okello, N.S.L. Perry, R.M. Wilkins, and E.K. Perry. “Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions of Anticholinesterase Terpenoids in Salvia Lavandulaefolia Essential Oil.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (2003): 661–668.

Tepe, Bektas, Dimitra Daferera, Atalay Sokmen, Munevver Sokmen, and Moschos Polissiou. “Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil and Various Extracts of Salvia Tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae).” Food Chemistry (2003).

Tepe, Bektas, Erol Donmez, Mehmet Unlu, Ferda Candan, Dimitra Daferera, N.T.J. Tildesley, D.O. Kennedy, E.K. Perry, C.G. Ballard, S. Savelev, K.A. Wesnes, and A.B. Scholey. “Salvia Lavandulaefolia (Spanish Sage) Enhances Memory in Healthy Young Volunteers.” Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 75 (2003): 669–674.

Wake, George, Jennifer Court, Anne Pickering, Rhiannon Lewis, Richard Wilkins, and Elaine Perry. “CNS Acetylcholine Receptor Activity in European Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Improve Failing Memory.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69 (2000): 105–114.

Sagebrush

Gunawardena, K., S.B. Rivera, and W.W. Epstein. “The Monoterpenes of Artemisia Tridentata ssp. Vaseyana, Artemisia Cana ssp. Viscidula and Artemisia Tridentata ssp. Spiciformis.” Phytochemistry 59 (2002): 197–203.

Kelley, B.D., J.M. Appelt, and G.D. Appelt. “Artemisia Tridentata (Basin Sagebrush) in the Southwestern United States of America: Medicinal Uses and Pharmacologic Implications.” International Journal of the Addictions 27, 3 (1992): 347–366.

McCutcheon, A.R., S.M. Ellis, R.E.W. Hancock, and G.H.N. Towers. “Antifungal Screening of Medicinal Plants of British Columbian Native Peoples.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 44, 3 (1994): 157–169.

Smith, Bruce N., Thomas A. Monaco, Clayton Jones, Robert A. Holmes, Lee D. Hansen, E. Durant McArthur, and D. Carl Freeman. “Stress–Induced Metabolic Differences Between Populations and Subspecies of Artemisia Tridentata (Sagebrush) from a Single Hillside.” Thermochimica Acta 394 (2002): 205–210.

Scouring Rush

Amarowicz, R., R.B. Pegg, P. Rahimi–Moghaddam, B. Barl, and J.A. Weil. “Free–Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Plant Species from the Canadian Prairies.” Food Chemistry 84 (2004): 551–562.

Grases, F., G. Melero, A. Costa–Bauza, R. Prieto, and J.G. March. “Urolithiasis and Phytotherapy.” International Urology and Nephrology 26, 5 (1994): 507–11.

Gurbuz, Iÿlhan, Osman Ustun, Erdem Yesilada, Ekrem Sezik, and Nalan Akyurek. “In Vivo Gastroprotective Effects of Five Turkish Folk Remedies Against Ethanol–Induced Lesions.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (2002): 241–244.

Harrison, C.C. “Evidence for Intramineral Macromolecules Containing Protein from Plant Silicas.” Phytochemistry 41, 1 (1996): 37–42.

Veit, Markus, Cornelia Beckert, Cornelia Hohne, Katja Bauer, and Hans Geiger. “Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation of Phenolics in the Genus Equisetum Subgenus Equisetum.” Phytochemistry 38, 4 (1995): 881–891.

Senna

Barbosa, Francisco G., Maria da Conceicao F. de Oliveira, Raimundo Braz–Filho, and Edilberto R. Silveira. “Anthraquinones and Naphthopyrones from Senna Rugosa.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 32 (2004): 363–365.

Djozan, DJ and Y. Assadi. “Determination of Anthraquinones in Rhubarb Roots, Dock Flowers and Senna Leaves by Normal–Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography.” Talanta 42, 6 (1995): 861–865.

Fairbairn, J. W. and A.B. Shrestha. “The Distribution of Anthraquinone Glycosides in Cassia Senna L.” Phytochemistry 6 (1967): 1203–1207.

Snakeweed

Ferdinand Bohlmann, Christa Zdero, Robert M. King, and Harold Robinson. “Gutierrezial and Further Diterpenes from Gutierrezia Sarothrae.” Phytochemistry 23, 9 (1984): 2007–2012.

Soapberry

Lal, J., S. Chandra, V. Raviprakash, and M. Sabir. “In Vitro Anthelmintic Action of some Indigenous Medicinal Plants on Ascardia Galli Worms.” Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 20, 2 (1976) 64–68

Albiero, Adriana L. Meyer, Jayme Antonio Aboin Sertié, and Elfriede Marianne Bacchi. “Antiulcer Activity of Sapindus Saponaria L. in the Rat.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 82 (2002): 41–44.

Spanish Needles

Alvarez, A., F. Pomar, M.A. Sevilla, and M.J. Montero. “Gastric Antisecretory and Antiulcer Activities of an Ethanolic Extract of Bidens Pilosa L. var. Radiata Schult. Bip.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67 (1999): 333–340.

Alarcon de la Lastra, C., M.J. Martin, C. La Casa, and V. Motilva. “Antiulcerogenicity of the Flavonoid Fraction from Bidens Aurea: Comparison With Ranitidine and Omeprazole.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 42, 3 (1994): 161–168.

Brandao, M.G.L., A.U. Krettli, L.S.R. Soares, C.G.C. Nery, and H.C. Marinuzzi. “Antimalarial Activity of Extracts and Fractions from Bidens Pilosa and Other Bidens Species (Asteracea) Correlated With the Presence of Acetylene and Flavonoid Compounds.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 57 (1997): 131–138.

Cano, Juan Hernández and Gabriele Volpato. “Herbal Mixtures in the Traditional Medicine of Eastern Cuba.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2004): xxx–xxx.

Dimo, Théophile, Silver Rakotonirina, René Kamgang, Paul V. Tan, Albert Kamanyi, and Marc Bopelet. “Effects of Leaf Aqueous Extract of Bidens Pilosa (Asteraceae) on KCl– and Norepinephrine–Induced Contractions of Rat Aorta.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 60 (1998): 179–182.

Dimo, Théophile, Silvere V. Rakotonirina, Paul V. Tan, Jacqueline Azay, Etienne Dongo, and Gérard Cros. “Leaf Methanol Extract of Bidens Pilosa Prevents and Attenuates the Hypertension Induced by High–fructose Diet in Wistar Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83 (2002): 183–191.

Geissberger, P. and U. Sequin. “Constituents of Bidens Pilosa L.: Do the Components Found So Far Explain the Use of this Plant in Traditional Medicine?” Acta Tropica 48, 4 (1991): 251–261.

Khan, M.R., M. Kihara, and A.D. Omoloso. “Anti–Microbial Activity of Bidens Pilosa, Bischofia Javanica, Elmerillia Papuana and Sigesbekia Orientalis.” Fitoterapia 72 (2001): 662–665.

Pereira, Rachel L.C., Tereza Ibrahim, Leonardo Lucchetti, Antonio Jorge R. da Silva, and Vera Lucia Goncalves de Moraes. “Immunosuppressive and Anti–Inflammatory Effects of Methanolic Extract and the Polyacetylene Isolated from Bidens pilosa L.” Immunopharmacology 43 (1999): 31–37.

Rivera, D. and C. Obón. “The Ethnopharmacology of Madeira and Porto Santo Islands, a Review.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 46 (1995): 73–93.

Sarg, T.M., A.M. Ateya, N.M. Farrag, and F.A. Abbas. “Constituents and Biological Activity of Bidens Pilosa L. Grown in Egypt.” Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 61, 6 (1991): 317–323.

Tan, Paul V., Théophile Dimo, and Etienne Dongo. “Effects of Methanol, Cyclohexane and Methylene Chloride Extracts of Bidens Pilosa on Various Gastric Ulcer Models in Rats.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000): 415–421.

Sumac

Homer, K.A., F. Manji, and D. Beighton. “Inhibition of Protease Activities of Periodontopathic Bacteria by Extracts of Plants Used in Kenya as Chewing Sticks (Mswaki).” Archives of Oral Biology 35, 6 (1990): 421–424.

Saxena, G., A.R. McCutcheon, S. Farmer, G.H.N. Towers, and R.E.W. Hancock. “Antimicrobial Constituents of Rhus Glabra.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 42 (1994) 95–99.

Zalacain, A., M. Prodanov, M. Carmona, and G.L. Alonso. “Optimization of Extraction and Identification of Gallotannins from Sumac Leaves.” Biosystems Engineering 84, 2 (2003): 211–216.

Syrian Rue

Abdel–Fattah, Abdel–Fattah Mohamed, Kinzo Matsumoto, Hatim Abdel–Khalik Gammaz, and Hiroshi Watanabe. “Hypothermic Effect of Harmala Alkaloid in Rats: Involvement of Serotonergic Mechanism.” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 52, 2 (1995): 421–426

El–Saad, El–Rifaie. “Peganum Harmala: Its Use in Certain Dermatoses.” International Journal of Dermatology 19, 4 (1980): 221–222.

Frison, Giampietro, Donata Favretto, Flavio Zancanaro, Giorgio Fazzin, and Santo Davide Ferrar. “A Case of β–Carboline Alkaloid Intoxication Following Ingestion of Peganum Harmala Seed Extract.” Forensic Science International 179 (2008): e37–e43.

Kartal, M., M.L. Altun, and S. Kurucu. “HPLC Method for the Analysis of Harmol, Harmalol, Harmine and Harmaline in the Seeds of Peganum Harmala L.” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 31 (2003): 263–269.

Prashanth, D. and S. John. “Antibacterial Activity of Peganum Harmala.” Fitoterapia 70 (1999): 438–439.

Tamarisk

Nawwar, Mohamed A.M. and Sahar A.M. Hussein. “Gall Polyphenolics of Tamarix Aphylla.” Phytochemistry 36, 4 (1994): 1035–1037.

Souliman, Ahmed M.A., Heba H. Barakat, Amani M.D El–Mousallamy, Mohamed S.A. Marzouk, and Mohamed A.M. Nawwar. “Phenolics from the Bark of Tamarix Aphyua.” Phytochemistry 30, 11 (1991): 3763–3766.

Sultanova, N., T. Makhmoor, Z.A. Abilov, Z. Parween, V.B. Omurkamzinova, Atta–ur–Rahman, and M. Iqbal Choudhary. “Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Tamarix Ramosissima.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 78 (2001): 201–205.

Tarbush

228. M. Rao, D.G.I. Kingston and T.D. Spittler. “Flavonoids from Flourensia Cernua.” Phytochemistry 9 (1970): 227–228.

Mata, Rachel, Robert Bye, Edelmira Linares, Martha Macías, Isabel Rivero–Cruz, Olga Pérez, and Barbara N. Timmermann. “Phytotoxic Compounds from Flourensia Cernua.” Phytochemistry 64 (2003): 285–291.

Richard E. Estell, Kris M. Havstad, Eddie L. Fredrickson, and Jorge L. Gardea–Torresdey. “Secondary Chemistry of the Leaf Surface of Flourensia cernua.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22, 1 (1994): 73–77.

Texas Ranger

Blunden, G. et al. “Betaine distribution in the Scrophulariaceae and some previously included families.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31 (2003): 359–365.

Trotter, Robert T. “Folk remedies as indicators of common illness: examples from the United States–Mexico border.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4 (1981): 207–221.

Tobacco

P.A. Steenkamp, F.R. van Heerden, and B.–E. van Wyk. “Accidental Fatal Poisoning by Nicotiana Glauca: Identification of Anabasine by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Photodiode Array/Mass Spectrometry.” Forensic Science International 127 (2002): 208–217.

Tree of Heaven

Dell’Agli, Mario, Germana V. Galli, Silvia Parapini, Nicoletta Basilico, Donatella Taramelli, Ataa Said, Khaled Rashed, and Enrica Bosisio. “Anti–plasmodial Activity of Ailanthus Excelsa.” Fitoterapia 79 (2008): 112–116.

Hitotsuyanagi, Yukio, Akira Ozeki, Chee Yan Choo, Kit Lam Chan, Hideji Itokawa, and Koichi Takeya. “Malabanones A and B, Novel Nortriterpenoids from Ailanthus Malabarica DC.” Tetrahedron 57 (2001): 7477–7480.

Stafford, Gary I., Mikael E. Pedersen, Johannes van Staden, Anna K. Jäger. “Review on Plants with CNS–Effects Used in Traditional South African Medicine Against Mental Diseases.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 (2008): 513–537.

Takeya, Koichi, Hideyuki Kobata, Akira Ozeki, Hiroshi Morita, and Hiden Itokawa. “Quassinoids from Ailanthus Vilmoriniana.” Phytochemistry 48, 3 (1998): 565–568.

Trumpet Flower

Aguilar–Santamaría, L., G. Ramírez, P. Nicasio, C. Alegría–Reyes, and A. Herrera–Arellano. “Antidiabetic Activities of Tecoma Stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2009): xxx–xxx. Article in Press.

Binutu, O.A. and B.A. Lajubutu. “Antimicrobial Potentials of some Plant Species of the Bignoniaceae Family.” African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 23, 3 (1994): 269–273.

Dickinson, E.M. and G. Jones. “Pyrindane Alkaloids from Tecoma Stans.” Tetrahedron 25, 7 (1969): 1523–1529.

Hammouda, Y. and N. Khalafallah. “Stability of Tecomine, the Major Antidiabetic Factor of Tecoma Stans (Juss.) F. Bignoniaceae.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 60, 8 (1971): 1142–1145.

Kunapuli, Satya P. and C.S. Vaidyanathan. “Indole–Metabolizing Enzyme Systems in Tropical Plants.” Phytochemistry 24, 5 (1985): 973–975.

Lins, Arlete Paulino and Joana D’Arc Felicio. “Monoterpene Alkaloids from Tecoma Stans.” Phytochemistry 34, 3 (1993): 876–878.

Lozoya–Meckes, M. and V. Mellado–Campos. “Is the Tecoma Stans Infusion an Antidiabetic Remedy?” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 14, 1 (1985): 1–9.

Okarter, Temple U., Paul L. Schiff Jr. , Joseph E. Knapp and David J. Slatkin. “Lipid and Phenolic Constituents of Tecoma Radicans.” Phytochemistry 15, 3 (1976): 436.

Prakash, E.O. and J.T. Rao. “A New Flavone Glycoside from the Seeds of Tecoma Undulata.” Fitoterapia 70 (1999): 287–289.

Qureshi, S., M.K. Rai, and S.C. Agrawal. “In Vitro Evaluation of Inhibitory Nature of Extracts of 18–Plant Species of Chhindwara Against 3–keratinophilic Fungi.” Hindustan Antibiotics Bulletin 39, 1–4 (1997): 56–60.

Roman–Ramos, R., J.L. Flores–Saenz, G. Partida–Hernandez, A. Lara–Lemus, and F. Alarcon–Aguilar. “Experimental Study of the Hypoglycemic Effect of some Antibiabetic Plants.” Archivos de Investigation Medica 22,1 (1991): 87–93.

Shapiro, Karen and William C. Gong. “Natural Products Used for Diabetes.” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 42, 2 (2002): 217–226.

Verbena

Hernández, Nancy E., M.L. Tereschuk, and L.R. Abdala. “Antimicrobial Activity of Flavonoids in Medicinal Plants from Tafí del Valle (Tucumán, Argentina).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73 (2000): 317–322.

Kawashty, S.A. and I.A. El–Garf. “The Favonoid Chemosystematics of Egyptian Verbena Species.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28 (2000): 919–921.

Western Black Willow

Chrubasik, Sigrun, Elon Eisenberg, Edith Balan, Tuvia Weinberger, Rachel Luzzati, and Christian Conradt. “Treatment of Low Back Pain Exacerbations with Willow Bark Extract: A Randomized Double–Blind Study.” The American Journal of Medicine 109 (2000): 9–14.

Orians, Colin M., Megan E. Griffiths, Bernadette M. Roche, and Robert S. Fritz. “Phenolic Glycosides and Condensed Tannins in Salix Sericea, S. Eriocephala and their F1 Hybrids: Not All Hybrids are Created Equal.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 28 (2000): 619–632.

Tunón, H., C. Olavsdotter, and L. Bohlin. “Evaluation of Anti–Inflammatory Activity of some Swedish Medicinal Plants. Inhibition of Prostaglandin Biosynthesis and PAF–Induced Exocytosis.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 48 (1995): 61–76.

Western Mugwort

Bork, Peter M., M. Lienhard Schmitz, Michaela Kuhnt, Claudia Escher, and Michael Heinrich. “Sesquiterpene Lactone Containing Mexican Indian Medicinal Plants and Pure Sesquiterpene Lactones as Potent Inhibitors of Transcription Factor NF–B.” FEBS Letters 402, 1 (1997): 85–90.

Fernandez, Salvador Said, Monica Celina Ramos Guerra, Benito David Mata Cardenas, Javier Vargas Villarreal, and Licet Villarreal Trevino. “In Vitro Antiprotozoal Activity of the Leaves of Artemisia Ludoviciana.” Fitoterapia 76 (2005): 466–468.

Jakupovic, J., R.X. Tan, F. Bohlmann, P.E. Boldt, and Z.J. Jia. “Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artemisia Ludoviciana.” Phytochemistry 30, 5 (1991): 1573–1577.

Juteau, Fabien, Veronique Masotti, Jean Marie Bessiere, Michel Dherbomez, and Josette Viano. “Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Artemisia Annua Essential Oil.” Fitoterapia 73 (2002): 532–535.

Lee, K.H. and T.A. Geissman. “Sesquiterpene Lactones of Artemisia Constituents of A. Ludoviciana ssp. Mexicana.” Phytochemistry 9, 2 (1970): 403–408.

Liu, Yong–Long and T.J. Mabry. “Flavonoids from Artemisia Ludoviciana var. Ludoviciana.” Phytochemistry 21, 1 (1982): 209–214.

Ruiz–Cancino, Alejandro, Arturo E. Cano, and Guillermo Delgado. “Sesquiterpene Lactones and Flavonoids from Artemisia Ludoviciana ssp. Mexicana.” Phytochemistry 33, 5 (1993): 1113–1115.

Vega, A.E., G.H.Wendel, A.O.M. and Maria, L. Pelzer. “Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisia Douglasiana and Dehydroleucodine Against Helicobacter Pylori.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2009): xxx–xxx.

Western Peony

Papandreou, Vasiliki, Prokopios Magiatis, Ioanna Chinou, Eleftherios Kalpoutzakis, Alexios–Leandros Skaltsounis, and Anthony Tsarbopoulos. “Volatiles with Antimicrobial Activity from the Roots of Greek Paeonia Taxa.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81 (2002): 101–104

Ikuta, Akira, Kohei Kamiya, Toshiko Satake, and Yasuhisa Saiki. “Triterpenoids from Callus Tissue Cultures of Paeonia Species.” Phytochemistry 38, 5 (1995): 1203–1207.

Wild Licorice

Fukai, Toshio, Kazue Satoh, Taro Nomura, and Hiroshi Sakagami. “Antinephritis and Radical Scavenging Activity of Prenylflavonoids.” Fitoterapia 74 (2003): 720–724.

Fukai, Toshio, Ai Marumo, Kiyoshi Kaitou, Toshihisa Kanda, Sumio Terada, and Taro Nomura. “Anti–Helicobacter Pylori Flavonoids from Licorice Extract.” Life Sciences 71 (2002): 1449–1463.

Fukai, Toshio, Kazue Satoh, Taro Nomura, and Hiroshi Sakagami. “Preliminary Evaluation of Antinephritis and Radical Scavenging Activities of Glabridin from Glycyrrhiza Glabra.” Fitoterapia 74 (2003): 624–629.

Amarowicz, R., R.B. Pegg, P. Rahimi–Moghaddam, B. Barld, and J.A. Weil. “Free–Radical Scavenging Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Plant Species from the Canadian Prairies.” Food Chemistry 84 (2004): 551–562.

Wild Rhubarb

Demirezer, L. Omur, Ayse Kuruuzum–Uza, Isabelle Bergere, H.–J. Schiewe, and Axel Zeeck. “The Structures of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Agents from Natural Source: Anthraquinones and Tannins from Roots of Rumex Patientia.” Phytochemistry 58 (2001): 1213–1217.

Fairbairn, J. W. and F. J. El–Muhtadi. “Chemotaxonomy of Anthraquinones in Rumex.” Phytochemistry 11 (1972): 263–268.

Midiwo, J. Ogweno and G. Muriki Rukunga. “Distrubution of Anthraquinone Pigments in Rumex Species.” Phytochemistry 24, 6 (1985): 1390–1391.

Saleh, Nabiel A.M., Mohamed N. El–Hadidi and Raafat F.M. Arafa. “Flavonoids and Anthraquinones of some Egyptian Rumex Species (Polygonaceae).” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 21, 2 (1993): 301–303.

VanderJagt, T.J., R. Ghattas, D.J VanderJagt, M. Crossey, and R.H Glew. “Comparison of the Total Antioxidant Content of 30 Widely Used Medicinal Plants of New Mexico.” Life Sciences 70 (2002): 1035–1040.

Yerba Mansa

Medina, Andrea L., F. Omar Holguin, Sandra Micheletto, Sondra Goehle, Julian A. Simon, and Mary A. O’Connell. “Chemotypic Variation of Essential Oils in the Medicinal Plant, Anemopsis Californica.” Phytochemistry 69 (2008): 919–927.

Medina, Andrea L., Mary E. Lucero, F. Omar Holguin, Rick E. Estell, Jeff J. Posakony, Julian Simon, and Mary A. O’Connell. ” Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Anemopsis californica Leaf Oil.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 22 (2005): 8694–8698.

Yerba Santa

Bacon, John D., Gary L. Hannan, Nianbai Fang, and Tom J. Mabry. “Chemosystematics of the Hydrophyllaceae” Flavonoids of Three Species of Eriodictyon.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 14, 6 (1986): 591–595.

Johnson, Nelson D. “Flavonoid Aglycones from Eriodictyon Californicum Resin and their Implications for Herbivory and UV Screening.” Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 11, 3 (1963): 211–215.

Salle, A. J., Gregory J. Jarm, and Lawrence G. Wayne. “Studies on the Antibacterial Properties of Eriodictyon Californicum.” From the Department of Baceriology, University of California, Los Angeles, California (1951).

Yucca

Hussain, I., A.M. Ismail, and P.R. Cheeke. “Effects of Feeding Yucca Schidigera Extract in Diets Varying in Crude Protien and Urea Contents on Growth Performance and Cecum and Blood Urea and Ammonia Concentrations of Rabbits.” Animal Feed Science Technology 62, (1996): 121–129.

Hussain, I. and P.R. Cheeke. “Effect of Dietary Yucca Schidigera Extract on Rumen and Blood Profiles of Steers Fed Concentrate or Roughage–Based Diets.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 51 (1995): 231–242.

Wang, Y., T.A. McAllister, C.J. Newbold, L.M. Rode, P.R. Cheeke, and K–J. Cheng. “Effects of Yucca Schidigera Extract on Fermentation and Degradation of Steroidal Saponins in the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)1.” Animal Feed Science and Technology 74 (1998): 143–153.